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Aggregate Gradation
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CIVL 3137 38
Gradation Analysis
percent coarseror
percent retained
percent fineror
percent pas sing
Percentagesare calculatedby mass
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CIVL 3137 39
Gradation Chart
0
20
40
60
80
100
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
Opening Size (mm)
Total mass percent passing each sieve
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CIVL 3137 40
Gradation Chart
0
20
40
60
80
100
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
Opening Size (mm)
Total mass percent passing each sieve
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Sieves
CIVL 3137 41
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Shakers
Gilson Shaker Mary Ann ShakerCIVL 3137 42
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CIVL 3137 43
Sieve Sizes
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CIVL 3137 47
Gradation Chart
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
(%)
Opening Size (mm)
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
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Gradation Example 1
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Gradation Example 2
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CIVL 3137 50
Uniformly Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
Opening Size (mm)
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
Uniformlygradedgravel
Uniformlygradedsand
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CIVL 3137 51
Uniformly Graded Aggregate
Narrow range of sizesGrain-to-grain contactHigh void contentHigh permeabilityLow stabilityDifficult to compact
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CIVL 3137 52
Open-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
Opening Size (mm)
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
Opengradedgravel
Opengradedsand
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CIVL 3137 53
Open-Graded Aggregate
Few fine particlesGrain-to-grain contactHigh void contentHigh permeabilityHigh stability Difficult to compact
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CIVL 3137 54
screenings
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CIVL 3137 55
Gap-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
Opening Size (mm)
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
Opengradedgravel
Opengradedsand
Gapgradedblend
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CIVL 3137 56
Gap-Graded Aggregate
Missing middle sizesNo grain-to-grain contactModerate void contentModerate permeabilityLow stability Easy to compact
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CIVL 3137 57
Dense-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
Opening Size (mm)
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
Densegradedgravel
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CIVL 3137 58
Dense-Graded Aggregate
Wide range of sizesGrain-to-grain contactLow void contentLow permeabilityHigh stabilityDifficult to compact
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CIVL 3137 59
Fuller’s Curve
Fuller, W.B. and Thompson, S.E. “The laws of proportioning concrete," Transactions of the ASCE, v. 159, 1907.
0.50i
id
pD
pi = percent passing ith sieve
di = opening size of ith sieve
D = maximum particle size
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CIVL 3137 60
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CIVL 3137 61
Maximum Density Curve
In 1962 FHWA published a modified version of Fuller’s equation with a different exponent.
0.450.50
ii
dp
D
pi = percent passing ith sieve
di = opening size of ith sieve
D = maximum particle size
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CIVL 3137 62
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CIVL 3137 65
Dense-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.010.1110100
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
Opening Size (mm)
1½" ¾" 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200
TDOT 411-D
MaximumDensityCurve for½" NMAS
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CIVL 3137 66
Dense-Graded Aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5
Perc
ent
Pass
ing
Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45 Power
¾"3/8"4830200
TDOT 411-D
1/2" 5/8"
MaximumDensity
Curve for½“ NMAS
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Aggregate Sampling
CIVL 3137 67
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Aggregate Sampling
CIVL 3137 68
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Aggregate Sampling
CIVL 3137 69
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Minimum Sample Size
CIVL 3137 70
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Sample Quartering
CIVL 3137 71
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Sample Splitting
CIVL 3137 72