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Agenda
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Review
• How did Latin Americans achieve social justice and economic development?
• Are those two goals compatible?
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Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)
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ESSENTIAL LEARNING: THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND THE CHALLENGE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND IMMIGRATION (1975-2000)
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Objectives
• Describe the major threats to peace during the Cold War.
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Essential Questions
• What were the major threats to peace during the Cold War?
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Target: Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion
• Iron curtain • Cold War – communism (USSR) v. capitalism
(US)• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) –
democratic alliance• Warsaw Pact – communist alliance
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Map 32-1, p. 854
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– The United Nations (est. 1945) • General Assembly, Security Council
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• Capitalism and Communism– Bretton Woods Conference (July 1944)• International Monetary Fund (IMF)• World Bank
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– World War II damaged the western European economy.• Truman Doctrine – US financial aid to Greece and
Turkey.• Marshall Plan – US program to support reconstruction.
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– 1948 – Organization of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)
– 1957 – European Economic Community (the Common Market).• European Union (EU) in 1993.• Wages increased, social welfare benefits grew, standard
of living rose.
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– Rapid growth of Soviet economy.• Refocusing on consumer goods showed inefficiencies.• 1970s – gap between West and East widened.
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• West Versus East in Europe and Korea– Germany, Austria, Japan – foreign military
occupation, under Allied control.– Soviet aggressiveness in eastern Europe• Satellite nations
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– By 1948, the US saw the USSR as a threat.• Berlin Airlift (1947-1948)
– Germany » Allies (France, Britain, US) – West Germany» USSR – East Germany» Berlin also divided, USSR blockaded West Berlin.» Allies airlifted supplies for one year
– Berlin Wall in 1961 to prevent East Berliners from fleeing to West Berlin.
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• Korean War (1950-1953)– Domino Theory – if one country fell to communism,
so would others– Containment – US policy, keep communism from
spreading– Communist North Korea (China)– Noncommunist South Korea (US)– Stalemate along the 38th parallel.– Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, King Jong Un.– Nuclear weapons.
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• Vietnam War (1959-1975)– Ho Chi Minh – Indochina Communist Party.– Nationalist coalition, the Viet Minh, defeated the
French in 1954.• Communist North, noncommunist South.
– South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem executed.
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– US troops.– Viet Cong, communist guerillas, fought for the
north.– Ho Chi Minh Trail.– 1973 treaty ended US involvement, promised
future elections.
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• Cambodia– Pol Pot – Khmer Rouge – Cambodian communist party• Destroyed all western influence• Year Zero• Cities to farming collectives• Poverty, famine, torture.• 25% of the population killed – genocide
– Targeted intellectuals, the Killing Fields
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• Race for Nuclear Supremacy– 1949 – USSR nuclear device, 1952 – US hydrogen
bomb.
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– Cuban Missile Crisis• Failed Bay of Pigs invasion (1962). • USSR’s leader Nikita Khrushchev removed the missiles,
US removed missiles in Turkey.
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– Nuclear nonproliferation – limit growth of nuclear weapons.• 1963 – banned certain testing of nuclear weapons.• 1968 – Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).• 1972-1975 – Conference on Security and Cooperation
in Europe (CSCE) resulted in the Helsinki Accords.
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– Space Race• Soviets launched Sputnik (October 1957)
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Essential Questions
• What were the major threats to peace during the Cold War?
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Agenda
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Review
• What were the major threats to peace during the Cold War?
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Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)
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ESSENTIAL LEARNING: THE COLD WAR AND DECOLONIZATION (1945-1975)
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Objectives
• Evaluate the similarity of the experiences of Asia, Africa, and Latin America during the Cold War period.
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Essential Questions
• How were the experiences of Asia, Africa, and Latin America similar during the Cold War period?
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Map 32-2, p. 858
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Target: Decolonization and State Building
• New Nations in South and SE Asia– India and Pakistan• Pakistan – military leaders.
– 1971 – Bengali-speaking Bangladesh.
• India – republic, industry, education• Kashmir.
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p. 865
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• The Struggle for Independence in Africa– Most of sub-Sahara – independence through
negotiation.• Medical and public health improvements = population
growth.
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– Influence of Western ideals, roads, railroads.– Schools, labor associations, and the colonial
bureaucracy – strong nationalist recruiting centers.
– Ghana (1957) – Kwame Nkrumah.– Nigeria (1960)– Kenya – Jomo Kenyatta.
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p. 859
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• South Africa– Independence in 1961. – Apartheid (strict racial segregation) system.
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– African National Congress (ANC – 1912).• Nelson Mandela organized guerrilla resistance, jailed
for 27 years, freed in 1990, became president.– F.W. DeKlerk, Bishop Desmond Tutu
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• Latin America– Mexico• Expropriation of foreign oil interests in 1938.• Rapid population growth, uncontrolled migration,
corruption.
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– Guatemala• United Fruit Company (American).• Jacobo Arbenz Vargas elected in 1951• CIA military takeover
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– Cuba• Economic problems.• Corrupt gov’t.• 1953 Fulgencio Batista coup.• 1953 Castro communist revolution.
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Fig. 32-CO, p. 846
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Essential Questions
• How were the experiences of Asia, Africa, and Latin America similar during the Cold War period?
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Agenda
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Review
• How were the experiences of Asia, Africa, and Latin America similar during the Cold War period?
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Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)
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ESSENTIAL LEARNING: THE COLD WAR AND DECOLONIZATION (1945-1975)
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Objectives
• Describe how the rivalry between the Cold War superpowers affected the rest of the world.
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Essential Questions
• How did the rivalry between the Cold War superpowers affect the rest of the world?
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Target: Beyond a Bipolar World
• The Third World– Non-aligned nations – neutral in the Cold War. (ex.
Yugoslavia, India)– Third World – non-aligned developing countries.
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– Japan and China• Japan regained independence in 1952.
– Renounced militarism and imperialism.– Economic superpower after 1975.
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– China• Mao’s Great Leap Forward (1958 – 1962)
– Industrialization, collectivization.– 20-30 million deaths.
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• Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)– Goal – renew faith in communism and increase his power.– Red Guards.
» Targeted teachers, party officials, and intellectuals.» .5 million deaths, 3 million purged by 1971.
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p. 866
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Map 32-3, p. 868
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– The Middle East• Israeli and Palestinian Conflict
– Arab guerrilla uprising against the British (1936).– Jews – militant tactics.
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• UN partitioned Palestine in 1947, Israel declared independence in 1948.
• 1967 – Six Day War• PLO – Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO),
Yasir Arafat, and terrorism.
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• Oil in the Middle East– 1960 – Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC).– Yom Kippur War (1973)– Economic weapon.
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• The Emergence of Environmental Concerns– Technological innovations and projects.– Student unrest late 1960s and early 1970s.– Clean Air Act (1970), Earth Day (1970).– Problem of finite natural resources.
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Essential Questions
• How did the rivalry between the Cold War superpowers affect the rest of the world?