Download - Age of Imperialism (Africa)
AGE OF IMPERIALISM1850-1914
SECTION 1: IMPERIALIST DIVIDE AFRICA
Main Idea: Ignoring the claims of African ethnic groups, kingdoms and city-states, Europeans established colonial claims
Why it Matter Now? African nations continue to feel the effects of the colonial presence of 100 years ago
AFRICA BEFORE IMPERIALISM
Divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups
Some converted to Islam and Christianity
1,000 different languages African armies were able to
keep Europeans out for 400 years
Europeans stayed on the coast
Couldn’t navigate the rapid rivers until the steamboat
NATIONS COMPETE FOR OVERSEAS EMPIRES
Europeans and Americans learned about Africa through travel books and newspapers
Europeans who entered the interior: explorers, missionaries
and humanitarians who opposed the slave trade
THE CONGO SPARKS INTEREST David Livingstone, traveled with Africans to find
the source of the Nile, never heard from until 10 years later
Stanley found Livingstone Stanley came back later and signed treaties with
local chiefs of the Congo and the Congo came under Belgium rule
MOTIVES DRIVING IMPERIALISM Imperialism= intent of
dominating the political, economic and social life of the people of a particular nation
Industrial Revolution led to the need to add land and new markets
Economic competition Technology Racism Social Darwinism= “survival
of the fittest” “Westernize” the foreigners
FORCES ENABLING IMPERIALISM
Why were they able to “take over?”:
1. Europeans were technologically advanced Maxim gun= 1889, world’s
first automatic machine gun 2. Europeans could control
their empire better Steam engine, railroads,
cables and steamers 3. Medicine invented
Quinine= malaria 4. Africans were not unified
languages
BERLIN CONFERENCE DIVIDES AFRICA 14 European nations
met to avoid Europeans countries fighting over Africa= Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
No African ruler attended these meetings
Only Liberia and Ethiopia remained free from European control
DEMAND FOR PRODUCT SHAPES COLONIES
Many believed that European goods would be bought in abundance by Africans- they weren’t
Great mineral sources in Africa Gold and diamonds in South Africa
3 GROUPS CLASH OVER SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa is a history of Africans (Zulu), Dutch (Boers) and British
ZULU EXPANSION
Local wars Shaka= Zulu chief Shaka used highly
disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state
Successors were unable to keep the kingdom against the British invaders and the Zulu land became part of British-controlled land
BOERS AND BRITISH SETTLE IN THE CAPE
Dutch came to the Cape of Good Hope to establish a way station for their ships
Boers= Dutch settlers, Dutch for “farmers,” took over native Africans’ land and established large farms
British settlers and Boers clashed over land and slaves
Boers moved north= Great Trek
Boers fought with Zulu and other African tribes whose land they were taking
BOER WAR When diamonds and gold
were discovered many rushed to South Africa
Boer War= British vs. Boers First modern “total war”-
raids, guerilla tactics against the British, British burned Boer farms and imprisoned women and children in disease-ridden concentration camps
Who won? Britain
SECTION 2: IMPERIALISM: CASE STUDY: NIGERIA
Main Idea: Europeans embarked on a new phase of empire-building that affected both Africa and the rest of the world
Why it Matters Now? ****Many former colonies have political problems that are the result of colonial rule***
COLONIAL CONTROL TAKES MANY FORMS
Europeans were determined to shape the economies of the lands to social lives of the people
Wanted the people to adopt European customs
FORMS OF COLONIAL CONTROL
1. Colony= a country or a region governed internally by a foreign power
2. Protectorate= a country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power
3. Sphere of Influence= an area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges
4. Economic Imperialism= independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interest rather than by other governments
PATTERNS OF IMPERIALIST MANAGEMENT
Indirect control- (Britain and US) relied on existing political rulers, goal is to develop future leaders
Direct control- (France) Africans couldn’t govern themselves Paternalism= governed in a fatherly way,
providing for their needs, but not giving them any rights
Assimilation= local populations absorbed into French culture
A BRITISH COLONY: NIGERIA British swayed the
group’s enemies to help fight the Africans
British claimed Nigeria for their palm-oil trade
Because of diversity in Nigeria it was too hard to control directly, so British ruled Nigeria indirectly
AFRICAN RESISTANCE
Some Africans tried to resist Europeans, but all but Ethiopia were unsuccessful
UNSUCCESSFUL MOVEMENTS
Maji Maji Rebellion: Germans vs. Africans Africans believed in a “magic water” that
would turn the German’s bullets into water Germans mowed down Africans by the
thousands
ETHIOPIA: A SUCCESSFUL RESISTANCE Menelik 2: emperor of
Ethiopia Played the Europeans off
each other About to sign a treaty with
Italy but he found a mistranslation in the treaty (giving Italy all of Ethiopia, not just a part) and declared war
Battle of Adowa: one of the greatest battles in the history of Africa, the Ethiopian forces defeated the Italians and maintained their nation’s independence
IMPACT OF COLONIAL RULE
Positive Impact: reduced local warfare, humanitarian efforts increased, life span increased, technology increased
Negative Impact: Africans lost land and independence, death from disease, traditional African cultures, politically divided
SECTION 3: MUSLIM LANDS FALL TO IMPERIALIST DEMANDS
Main Idea: European nations expanded their empires by seizing territories from Muslim states
Why it Matters Now? Political events in this vital resource area are still influenced by actions from the imperialistic period
OTTOMAN EMPIRE LOSES POWER
Ottomans have expanded but they weren’t able to hold back the European imperialist powers
REFORMS FAIL Suleiman 1: last great
Ottoman sultan died Succession of weak
sultans Corruption financial
losses Ottomans fell further
behind Europe Selim 3: tried to
modernize, but was overthrown
Lands Ottomans had conquered became very nationalist and fought for freedom
EUROPEANS GRAB TERRITORY
Geopolitics= interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products
World powers wanted certain locations
Ex: Russia wants access to Med. Sea through the Black Sea
RUSSIA AND THE CRIMEAN WAR Crimean War: Russia vs.
Ottoman Empire Britain and France enter
on side of Russia and defeat Ottomans
First War: Women like Florence
Nightingale, established positions as army nurses
To be covered by newspaper correspondents
Crimean War revealed weakness of Ottomans
EGYPT TRIES REFORM Egypt and Rea Sea- strategic
location New leader: Muhammad Ali Ottomans sent him to govern
Egypt, but he broke away from control
He and his heirs became rulers of Egypt
Plantation cash crop= cotton Isma’il- Muhammad’s
grandson Suez Canal= connected Red
Sea and Med. Egypt couldn’t pay debt, lost
Canal to British British occupied Egypt
PERSIA PRESSURED TO CHANGE Russia and Britain compete
to commercially exploit Persia
Persia, to gain economic prestige, granted concessions to western business to operate certain areas or products (ie: oil in 1900’s)
Persian people did not like their leaders who tried to “westernize” ie: riots over selling tobacco
to the westerners
SECTION 4: BRITISH IMPERIALISM IN INDIA
Main Idea: As the Mughal Empire declined, Britain seized Indian territory until it controlled almost the whole subcontinent
Why it Matters Now? India, the second most populated nation in the world, has its political roots in this colony
SETTING THE STAGE
British had trading posts at Bombay, Madras and Calcutta (British East India Company)
Mughal Empire kept trading under control, but the Empire was now declining
BRITISH EXPAND CONTROL OVER INDIA
British took advantage of weak Mughals
Battle of Plassey victory over Indians, from that time on, East India Company was the leading power in India
EAST INDIA COMPANY DOMINATES
Easy India Company ruled India with little interference from British govt.
Company even had its own army
Led by British officers and staffed by sepoys, or Indian soldiers
“JEWEL IN THE CROWN”
Britain was going through Industrial Revolution and India supplied materials
“Jewel in the Crown”= the most valuable of all Britain’s colonies
Britain restricted India’s economy from operating on its own
India became valuable after railroad was established
Crops: tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, opium
IMPACT OF COLONIALISM
Positives: Technology like, railroads, telephone, dams,
bridges and irrigation canals allowed India to modernize
Sanitation and public health improved Schools and colleges were founded, literacy
increased British troops ended local warfare
Negative: British held most of the power, racism,
restricted Indian industries
INDIANS REBEL British tried to convert to
Christianity Indians resented racism by
British Sepoy Rebellion
Sepoys learned that the cartridges to their rifles were sealed with beef and pork fat (against religion)
Sepoys refused to use rifles and the British jailed all who wouldn’t obey
Sepoys rebelled and marched to Delhi (Sepoy Mutiny)
Both armies tried to slaughter each other
Took the East Company 1 year to control region again
Muslims and Hindus couldn’t unite to beat British
TURNING POINT
Result of Rebellion: British govt. took direct control of India, fueled racist attitude of British towards the Indians, increased distrust b/t British and Indians
Raj= referred to British rule over India from 1757-1947, divided India into 11 provinces
INDIAN NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS BEGINS
Ram Mohun Roy= well educated Indian, “Father of Modern India,” wanted to modernize India and get them out of foreign rule
Nationalism- Indians didn’t like that they were second class citizens in their own country
Founded: Indian National Congress and Muslim League that called for self-government
SECTION 5: WESTERN POWERS RULE SOUTHEAST ASIA
Main Idea: Demand for Asian products drove Western imperialists to seek for possession of Southeast Asian lands
Why it Matters Now? Southeast Asian independence struggles in the 20th century have their roots in this period of imperialism
SETTING THE STAGE
Europeans also went to Southeast Asia, part of the Pacific Rim, the countries that border the Pacific Ocean
Strategic location to get to China
WESTERN RIVALRIES FOR PACIFIC RIM LANDS
European powers now noticed the importance of the Pacific Rim
British- Singapore French- Indochina Germans- New Guinea, Marshall and
Solomon islands
PLANTATION PRODUCTS SPUR COMPETITION
Land of Southeast Asia was perfect for planting agriculture
Sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, rubber, coconuts, bananas and pineapples
DUTCH EXPAND CONTROL
Dutch East India Company- expanded rule
Indonesia= then called the Dutch East Indies
Many Dutch settlers came to live in Indonesia
Forced locals to plant 1/5 of their land to export crops
BRITISH TAKE THE MALAYAN PENINSULA Singapore served as a
stopping point to China Singapore became one of
the busiest ports British gained control of
Malaysia and Burma (modern-day Myanmar)
British encouraged Chinese to move to Malay and work, many did, and Malaysians became a minority
Still today conflict exist between the Chinese and Malay
FRENCH CONTROL INDOCHINA French entered
Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia= French Indochina
French imposed culture on the Indochinese
Used direct colonial management
Did not encourage local production
Rice was main export crop
Peasants became angry because all rice was exported and not used to feed native population
COLONIAL IMPACT
Positives: Economies grew in world market scene Roads, harbors and rail systems Education, health and sanitation improved Most of the improvements benefitted the
Europeans more than the natives
Negative: Migration of different cultures and racial make-
ups resulted in what racial and religious clashes that are still seen today
SIAM MAINTAINS INDEPENDENCE Siam (Thailand) maintained
independence during colonial imperialism
Siam became a neutral zone between British and French, who both held this territory
King Mongkut- king of Siam, started schools, reformed legal system, reorganized government Local Govt. built their own
railroad system and ended slavery
Because modernization came from their own government, they did not experience the negatives of colonial rule
US ACQUIRED PACIFIC ISLANDS
Many Americans did not like the idea of colonial rule, because they were a colony
Others believed it was the destiny of the US to become a world power
THE PHILIPPINES CHANGE HANDS Spanish American War gave the
US: Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico
Philippines did not like trading one imperialistic leader for another
Pilipino leader, Emilio Aguinaldo, said that the US promised the Philippines freedom after war
Pilipino nationalists declared independence and established the Philippine Republic, but the US put down independence and said they would help prepare them for self-rule
Americans exploited the Philippines for crops they wanted
HAWAII BECOMES A REPUBLIC US had interest in Hawaii for location
and sugar American sugar plantations
accounted for 75% of Hawaii’s wealth
Many US business leaders wanted to annex Hawaii to not have to pay heavier import taxes added by the McKinley Tariff Act
Queen Liliuokalani- Hawaiian Queen, she called for more political power but US businessmen plotted and had her removed from office
Sanford Dole, a wealthy plantation owner was named President and he asked for the US to annex Hawaii
At first, President Cleveland refused, but 5 years lasted Hawaii was annexed