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Age of Ideologies Lecture #2
The Ideologies!
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Was the Congress of Vienna Successful?
MetaphorTime
Water = Traditional Conservative Europe
Fire = Liberal Enlightenment Ideas
First Bubbles- French Revolution
Rolling Boil- Napoleonic Wars- Bring Rev. to the Rest of Europe
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Was the Congress of Vienna Successful?
Congress of Vienna
Holy Alliance
Carlsbad Decrees
Censorship, etc
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Congress of Vienna
Holy Alliance
Carlsbad Decrees
Censorship, etc
French Revolution
Industrial Revolution
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An Explosion of Ideologies•Liberals, aka Classical Liberals, still existed after the French Revolution
•Classical Liberals v Modern Liberals
•Their basic tenets are basically unchanged
•Liberty – representative gov’t, checks on power, etc.
•Equality- no class system or legal discrimination
•However, these ideas lost their appeal for many. Why?
•Didn’t go far enough
•Failed in French Revolution
•Classical Liberals want economic liberalism/free market capitalism. In the new industrial age, this helps the bourgeoisie but not the working class.
•Ricardo, Malthus, and Smith are used by the bourgeoisie as justifications of self-interested policies
•Classical Liberalism is tied to the moderate middle class
•Many desire more radical reform
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The Central Ideologies of the Age
• Utopian Socialism
• Scientific Socialism
• ‘Old-style’ Nationalism
• Romanticism
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Utopian Socialism • “The future, with industrial advancement
will be perfect!”
• However, many thinkers rejected Utopian Socialism because it was impractical– The utopian socialists never got anything
done!
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Marxian, or ‘Scientific’ Socialism
• Marx saw that early (Utopian) Socialism was too ‘fanciful’ – not firmly grounded in theory or reality
– begged the bourgeoisie for concessions they would never grant
• Inspired by (and teamed up with) Friedrich Engels (The Condition of the Working Class in England)
• Wrote the Communist Manifesto – Argued for a ‘scientific’ form of Socialism
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Marx’s Basic Points
• history is the story of class struggle – bourgeoisie had recently replaced the feudal nobility
• Political and economic systems protect the class in power– Conservatism protected the aristocracy – Capitalism and Liberalism protect bourgeois
• exploitation of the proletariat + class consciousness = VIOLENT revolution – Why was class consciousness already growing?
• Believed that labor was the source of all economic value but that private property allowed capitalists to steal this value from workers
• After proletarian revolution, abolish private property… end of historical class struggle
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Marxian Socialism – A More Complicated Look
• Idea of history as a dialectical process from German philosopher Hegel – Dialectic process means all of history was constant tension
leading to constant, predictable, change
• Hegel argued that there was always a dominant societal model and an alternative model – The two fought it out until a new synthesis was formed
and the whole process repeated.
• Marx added an engine to this dialectic: economics– Abolish private property and you end the dialectical
process
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Marx’s Impact
• Secular religion – included all of the dominant strains of thought of
the time period: German philosophy, Utopian Socialism, and Classical Economics (Capitalism)
• it replaced religion – ‘opiate of the masses’
• Little noticed at first, but will become HUGE!
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Marxian Socialism Is Highly Radical
• Fills Conservatives and even Classical Liberals with special dread. Why?
• “Let the Ruling Classes Tremble at a Communist revolution. The Proletariat have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!”
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Nationalism• After 1st Hundred Years War- France and England• after 2nd HYW- rest of Europe
– Why? Largely a reaction against the French dominance of the continent of Europe. “I don’t know who ‘we’ are, but I know we aren’t ‘them’!
• Definition hope to turn ethnic boundaries (defined especially by language) into political boundaries
• Most early nationalists were liberals or moderate socialists. Why does this make sense? – Liberalism- freedom and equality of an individual – Nationalism is the freedom and equality of a people…each people must be
able to make their pure voice heard
• Why few conservative nationalists?– Conservative monarchs rule over empires– if these people get nationalist
ideas, then you’ve got some problems
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Nationalism (cont.)
• Nationalism’s Dark Underbelly– If we are prideful in our ethnicity, then … ???– Later, we will be introduced to conservative
nationalists and the #$!@ will hit the fan– National Socialism Nazism equality of
condition, but only for our people
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Romanticism
“the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in tranquility”
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• German and English, which means it is religiously attached to …
• Sturm and Drang Movement
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• Born out of Rousseau • Johann Wolfgang Goethe• Francisco Goya • William Wordsworth • Lord Byron • Mary Shelley• Victor Hugo• Alexander Pushkin • Washington Irving
• Ludwig van Beethoven• Liszt• Richard Wagner
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Characteristics
• Emotion • Spontaneity • Love of nature• Desire to know the unknowable• Fascinated with the bizarre and exotic • Anti-materialist • Intensely individualist • ‘bohemian’
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A Break With Classicism
• Rejects Industrialization
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Beethoven’s Ode to Joy
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Closely connected to Nationalism
• Why? – Because Romanticism argues for intense
individualism– Nationalism is like individualism of a collective
group (nationality/culture) – the unique essence of each culture
• Europe as a ‘concert’ where each culture must play their instrument
• Brother’s Grimm and other folktales
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Possibly Wagner- Flight of the Valkeryies Here
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Hansen Name ____________________
AP Euro Period _________
The Age of Ideologies Lecture #2 ‘ The Ideologies’ Note-Taking Guide) • An Explosion of Ideologies
– Liberals, aka Classical Liberals, still existed after the French Revolution
• Classical Liberals v Moderate Liberals _____ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________
– Their basic tenets are basically unchanged• Liberty – ______________________________________• Equality- ______________________________________
– However, these ideas lost their appeal for many. Why? • ___________________________________• ___________________________________• Classical Liberals want __________________________
_______________________ . In the new industrial age, this helps the bourgeoisie but not the working class.
– Ricardo, Malthus, and Smith are used by the bourgeoisie as justifications of self-interested policies
• Classical Liberalism is tied to the moderate middle class– ______________________________
• The Central Ideologies of the Age – ______________________ - ________________________– ______________________ - ________________________
• Utopian Socialism – “The future, with industrial advancement __________!” – However, many thinkers rejected Utopian Socialism because it
was _____________• The utopian socialists never _________________!
• Marxian, or ‘Scientific’, Socialism– Marx saw that early (Utopian) Socialism was too ‘fanciful’
• ____________________________________________• begged the bourgeoisie for concessions ______________
__________________________– Inspired by (and teamed up with) _______________ (The
Condition of the Working Class in England) – Wrote _____________________________________
• Argued for a _______________________________
– Marx’s Basic Points • history is the story of __________________
– _____________________________________ _____________________________________
• Political and economic systems ____________________– Conservatism protected the ___________• Capitalism and Liberalism _________________
– exploitation of the proletariat + class consciousness = __________________________
– Why was class consciousness already growing? ______________________________________ ______________________________________
• Believed that _________________________________ but that private property allowed capitalists to steal this value from workers
• After proletarian revolution, ______________________ … end of historical class struggle
– Marxian Socialism- a More Complicated Look • Idea of history as a ___________________ from German
philosopher Hegel – Dialectic process means all of history was
_______________________________________ _______________________________________
• Hegel argued that there was always a dominant societal model and an alternative model
– ______________________________________ ______________________________________
• Marx added an engine to this dialectic: ___________– Abolish private property and you __________
_____________________________________
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– Marx’s Impact • _____________________
– included all of the dominant strains of thought of the time period: German philosophy, Utopian Socialism, and Classical Economics (Capitalism)
• it replaced religion – ‘opiate of the masses’ - ___________________
_______________________________________• Little noticed at first, but will _________________!
– Marxian Socialism is __________________• Fills Conservatives and even Classical Liberals with
special dread. Why? • “Let the Ruling Classes Tremble at a Communist
revolution. The Proletariat have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!”
• In other words __________________________________ _____________________________________________
• Nationalism – After 1st Hundred Years War- France and England– after 2nd HYW- ______________________
• Why? Largely a reaction against the _______________ _______________________________. “I don’t know who ______ are, but I know we aren’t __________!
– Definition hope to turn ___________________ (defined ______________________________) into political boundaries
– Most early nationalists were liberals or moderate socialists. Why does this make sense?
• Liberalism- freedom and equality of an individual • Nationalism is the freedom and equality ____________
______________________ people must be able to make their ______________________________
– Why few conservative nationalists?• Conservative monarchs rule over empires– if these people
________________________________________ ______________________________________________
– Nationalism’s ___________________• If we are prideful in our ethnicity, then … ???• Later, we will be introduced to conservative nationalists
and the ________________________________• National Socialism Nazism __________________
___________________________________
• Romanticism – “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in
tranquility”– German and English, which means it is religiously attached to
_________________________ – Sturm and Drang Movement- __________________________– Characteristics
– Emotion, Spontaneity, Love of nature, Desire to know the unknowable, Fascinated with the _____________, ________________, _________________, ‘bohemian’
– A break with Classicism • Rejects Industrialization
– Closely Connected to Nationalism • Why?
– Because Romanticism argues for intense individualism
– Nationalism is like ______________________ _____________________________________
– the unique essence of each culture» Europe as a ‘concert’ where _______
______________________________» Brother’s Grimm and other folktales -
_______________________________ _______________________________