African Trade [15c-17c]
Pre-19c European Trade with Africa
IndustrialRevolutionIndustrialRevolution
Source forRaw
Materials
Source forRaw
Materials
Markets forFinishedGoods
Markets forFinishedGoods
EuropeanNationalismEuropean
Nationalism
MissionaryActivity
MissionaryActivity
Military& NavalBases
Military& NavalBases
EuropeanMotives
For Colonization
EuropeanMotives
For Colonization
Places toDump
Unwanted/Excess Popul.
Places toDump
Unwanted/Excess Popul.
Soc. & Eco.Opportunities
Soc. & Eco.Opportunities
HumanitarianReasons
HumanitarianReasons
EuropeanRacism
EuropeanRacism
“WhiteMan’s
Burden”
“WhiteMan’s
Burden”
SocialDarwinism
SocialDarwinism
European Explorers in Africa
19c Europeans Map the Interior of Africa
1. Where Is Dr. Livingstone?
Dr. David Livingstone
DoctorLivingston
e,I Presume?
Sir Henry Morton Stanley
European Explorations in mid-19c:
“The Scramble for Africa”
2. What is the Source of the Nile?
John Speke Sir Richard Burton
Africa
1890
Africa
in
1914
Social Darwinism
The “White Man’s Burden”
Rudyard Kipling
The “White Man’s Burden”?
The Congo Free State or
The Belgian Congo
King Leopold II:(r. 1865 – 1909)
Harvesting Rubber
Punishing “Lazy” Workers
5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.)
It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official
Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo
Leopold’s Conscience??
Thesis #1Throughout history, colonization has been a main concern of many nations. In the 1880s, there was a great desire by European powers to colonize and control Africa in order to gain resources. This became known as the Scramble for Africa. The hypocritical actions of the European powers led to an extreme contempt for the Europeans among the African people, which triggered violent rebellions that eventually helped lead Africa to liberty later on hroughout history, colonization has been a main concern of many nations.
Thesis #2
“For years after the Berlin Conference, various European powers raced to occupy
and colonize land in Africa. It was a time of growth for Europe, but what was it for
Africa? Africa’s fate was being decided for it by the European invader. Not all Africans
just stood by and watched, however. There was a wide range of actions and
reactions to the Scramble for Africa from the Africans themselves, from giving in
peacefully to fighting back with all of their might.”
• Thesis #3• In the early 20th century European countries met
to carve up Africa. They did not care about what it did to Africa, but cared about dominating and getting resources. “Although the European powers felt as though they were doing great good in the African continent during the Scramble for Africa, the actions of the Africans was that of rebellion and reactions showing much determination to rid Africa of the unjust Europeans
Berlin Conference of 1884-1885
Another point of view?
Berlin
Conference
of
1884-1885
European Colonization/Decolonization
Patterns
Berlin Conference of 1884-85
Leopold Defends Himself in Paris, 1903
King Leopold (to Loubert) : How about that! John Bull claims that I tortured, robbed and murdered more than he did. . .
Loubert : No, your Majesty, that's impossible .
Dutch Landing in 1652
Shaka Zulu (1785 – 1828)
Boers Clash With the Xhosa Tribes
Boer Farmer
The Great Trek, 1836-38
Afrikaners
Diamond Mines
Raw Diamonds
The Struggle for South Africa
Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)
“The Colossus of Rhodes”
Uncle Sam: “The Colossusof the Pacific” (A Parody)
Paul Kruger (1825-1904)
Boer-British Tensions Increase
1877 – Britain annexed the Transvaal. 1883 – Boers fought British in the Transvaal and regained its independence. - Paul Kruger becomes President. 1880s – Gold discovered in the Transvaal
The Boer War: 1899 - 1900
The BoersThe British
A Future British Prime Minister
British Boer War Correspondent, Winston Churchill
The Struggle for South Africa