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Africa and the Arrival of Islam
Mr. Millhouse
AP World History
Fall 2008
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African states 600-1450
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The Swahili States
• Founded by Bantu settlers in 1st millennium CE• Islamic merchants settle in
coastal villages
• Swahili culture emerges by 13th century
• Major role in Indian Ocean trade network• Trade raw materials for
Indian, Islamic, & Chinese luxuries
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Great Zimbabwe
• Dominates central Africa from 9th-16th centuries
• Built massive stone enclosures (zimbabwe)
• Supplied gold to the Swahili coast
• Declined due to internal divisions by the 16th century
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Trans-Saharan Trade• 300 C.E. camels replaced horses and donkeys as
transport animals• Speeds travel across the Sahara• Trade in gold, salt, and ivory flourishes• Islam arrives in 7th century
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Rise of Sudanic States
• Trans-Saharan trade led to the rise of the kingdoms in the Sudan
• Common characteristics• Led by patriarch or council
of elders
• Based upon ethnic core
• Rulers were considered sacred
• Islam reinforced kingship
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Kingdom of Ghana (750-1076)
• Used territorial expansion to control Trans-Saharan trade routes• Trade led urbanization
• Kings converted to Islam by the 10th century• Did not force upon others
• Nomadic raids from the Sahara weakened Ghana in the early 13th century
Salt Mines
Gold Mines
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Kingdom of Mali (1230-1620)
• Malinke people created an empire in the early 13th century• Sundiata “the Lion Prince”
• Agriculture, with the gold trade, was the base of the economy• Mansa Musa’s hajj in the
14th century became legendary
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Mansa Musa’s Pilgrimage
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Malinke Economy
• Most of the people were rural farmers• Small farms owned by families
• A special merchant class, called the juula, controlled trade
• Slave trade became common after the Islamic conquest of North Africa• High demand for women and children• Estimated 4.8 million slaves over 700 years
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Malinke Society & Culture
• Formation of the kingdom heightened social differences
• Society was organized according to clans• Many societies were matrilineal
• Women enjoyed more freedom than most Eurasian cultures
• Polygamy was common
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Malinke Culture
• Large portions of the population did not convert to Islam• Many converts maintained
some of their old beliefs
• History maintained by oral historian called griots
Drawing of a Malinke Griot
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Djenne & Timbuktu
• Timbuktu was famous for its library and university
Madrasa Sankore in Timbuktu
• Djenne was famous for The Great Mosque• Largest adobe building
in the world
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Songhai Empire (1340-1591)
• From the early 15th to the late 16th century, Songhai was one of the largest African empires in history• Founded by Sunni Ali
and expanded by Askia Muhammad the Great
• Conquered by Moroccans, with muskets, in 1591
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Kingdom of Benin
• City-state established by the Edo peoples in the 15th century
• Known for its bronze and ivory sculptures
• Portuguese were impressed by Benin City and the quality of Benin’s artwork
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