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‘Everyday infrastructural planning’ in the urban global south:
Urbanisation without or beyond large infrastructure?
[OR]
Access to water and service coproduction in peri-urban areas
Prof. Adriana Allen
UCL Bartlett Development Planning Unit (DPU)
Urban service delivery: the technical is political
Roundtable, Monday 26th January 2015
Overseas Development Institute, London
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Almost half of the Sub-
Saharan households
(rural and urban) that
according to
WHO/UNICEF 'have
access to improved
water supply', spend
more than half an
hour a day collecting
water
Total expenditures are less than half of what would be required to achieve the MDGs regionally: More than USD16.5 billion per year or 2.6% of the regional GDP
% urban population with pipe to premises
0
20
40
60
80
100
Libe
ria
Cen
tral A
frica
n Rep
ublic
Nig
eria
Togo
Mad
agasc
ar
Rwan
da
Sierra
Leo
ne
Uga
nda
Moz
ambi
que
Burkina
Fas
oDRC
Tanza
nia
Banglad
esh
Cam
eroo
n
Benin
Mal
awi
Angola
Indo
nesia
Nig
er
Ethiopi
a
Kenya
Indi
a
Vietn
am
A broken nexus: Infrastructure ≠ access to services ≠ entitled citizenship
Source: Satterthwaite, D. Personal communication Nov 2013.
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Slummification / Yuppification
Where is the locus of this broken nexus?
[Peri]urbanisation without infrastructure
“a private estate set in delightful seclusion”
East Legon Hills, Accra
Old Fadama, Accra
An ecological mosaic of ‘natural’, ‘productive’ and ‘urban’ sub-systems
Affected by material and energy flows demanded by both rural and urban areas.
Key role in the extraction and replenishment of water resources and acts as an environmental sink
Heterogeneous and fast changing socio-
economic structures
Mix of farming, residential and industrial land uses.
Mix of newcomers and long-established dwellers with different outlooks + Diversified livelihoods strategies
Fragmented institutional landscape
Made worse by rapid change and unclear boundaries and jurisdictions.
Peri-urban landscapes are typically characterised by highly asymmetric relations spatially, socially and in the way in which nature is metabolized
“the kidney of the city”
“We are so close to the city,
yet so far from the pipes”
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East Kolkata Wetlands: ‘Free’ ecosystem services versus land speculation
Sewage constitutes a resource to cultivate fish while organic solid waste serves as fertiliser for vegetable plots that are also partially irrigated with sewage that has undergone treatment through a long-term established system of
aquaculture ponds.
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Muddling through the ‘water wheel’
Source: Allen, Dávila and Hofmann (2006).
Policies embody
naturalised
myths.
Difference
between legal
and legitimate
rights – popular
struggles are
for legitimacy!
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The production and reproduction of policy myths: The ‘push’ for water neoliberalisation
Water neoliberalisation
as the outcome of
three overlapping
processes:
commodification
(market exchange of
processes previously
outside marketised
spheres),
commercialisation
(adoption of
commercial principles
and methods) and
privatisation (changes
in resource and utility
ownership) (Bakker,
2005)
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A landscape of everyday planning practices
Everyday planning
through coping
Everyday
entrepreneurial planning
Everyday collective planning
under ‘episodic consensus’
Everyday planning under
institutionalized service
coproduction
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The ‘dialectics of scarcity’ in Lima
Long history of water problems & elitist supply
Aggravated by the massive urban expansion since the 1940s and sporadic, ill managed investments
Struggle for water as part of the consolidation of new settlements (barriadas)
Over-reliance on three small rivers, groundwater and, increasingly on the Andean glaciers
Water service problems reflect a ‘dualistic’ megacity
“water is never scarce in absolute terms but under specific
allocative and institutional circumstances” (Ioris, 2011)
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1970-80s: Urbanismo popular autogestionario
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1990s up today: A different story …
Mega-infrastructural development in Lima
‘Without water there is no democracy’
Over USD 2.3 million committed by SEDAPAL to large water infrastructural projects in 2007
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The ‘old settler’
the ‘newcomer’ the ‘tourist’
and the ‘corrupt’
The ‘urbanisation of hope’
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Everyday planning through coping mechanisms
and entrepreneurialism : The endless
internalisation and externalisation of risk
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Maps of Nueva Generacion showing sub-division of lands for the attainment of a
certified map with existing plots and boundary. Produced by ESD participants.
Planning the occupation of the
slopes
Purpose:
1. Avoid outsiders/ insiders from claiming land.
2. Reaching critical mass to request basic water
provision points from water utility
3. Safeguard generation of funds to support
improvements.
.
Collective everyday planning under
neglectful tolerance
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Mal-distribution=
Mis-recognition
The politics of
non-provision
RRRedistribution and
recognition are two
indivisible dimensions of
justice
Curbing ‘informal’ growth: Smart or unjust
urbanisation?
“We are so close to the city,
yet so far from the pipes”
From Zero Growth
Pact to Payment for
Environmental and
Hydrological
Services (PSAH)
programme
Milpa Alta, Mexico D.F.
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Exploring the interpenetration between distribution
and recognition through parity of participation
Objective preconditions related to the material inequalities and
economic dependencies that hinder the parity of participation.
Inter-subjective preconditions associated with the social, political
& institutional status of those involved in participatory practices and
how these affect their ability to engage in meaningful deliberation
Participation:
Instrumentalisation
or transformation?
‘Authorised’ ‘Un-authourised’
Reformed public-
private utilities
Small independent
providers
Community-led service provision
Institutionalised
co-production platforms
Water user
associations
Water
technical
fora
Water
committees
?
?
?
??
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Everyday planning under institutionalized service coproduction in Caracas
Infrastructural
investments prioritise
the practical and
strategic needs of the
urban and periurban
poor
“Communities as
engineers”
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Junctures and disjunctures in the governance of urban and
periurban service provision
Source: Allen, Dávila and Hofmann (2006).
The geography of urban
infrastructure matters and it
increasingly has little to do with
‘networked’ urban futures
The search for urban
sustainability is increasingly being
driven through a dispositif of
differential sustainability
Moving beyond environmental
injustice as maldistribution:
Practical needs & strategic needs
Searching for more agile &
progressive institutionalized forms
of state engagement with
everyday infrastructural planning
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Testing and translating research into action Small town water and sanitation delivery: Taking a wider view Working with Building Partnerships for Development (BPD) and WaterAid, funded by Gates Foundation (Bangladesh, Madagascar, Nepal, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda) Moving down the ladder: Governance and sanitation that works for the urban poor. Study commissioned by the International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC) Rural-Urban Transformations and wastewater management. Desk study and online course with UNESCO-IHE
Re-conceptualisating urban water transitions
Translocal learning for water justice: Peri-urban pathways in India,
Tanzania and Bolivia (WatJust) (ISSC)
https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/water-justice Urban water poverty halfway through the Decade of Water for Life.
Interdisciplinary dialogue and publication within UCL GCSC
Cities, Decoupling and Urban Infrastructures Report of the International Resource Panel (IRP), commissioned by the
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
Ecosystem services of urban and peri-urban agriculture in Accra (Ghana) ESD MSc in partnership with International Water
Management Institute (IWMI), Ghana Federation of the Urban Poor and People’s Dialogue
Learning Lima (www.learninglima.net)
www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/dpu