Download - AEROSOL SOURCES APPORTIONMENT IN SOUTHEAST BRAZIL (PIRACICABA): INFLUENCE OF SUGAR CANE BURNING
AEROSOL SOURCES AEROSOL SOURCES APPORTIONMENT IN SOUTHEAST APPORTIONMENT IN SOUTHEAST
BRAZIL (PIRACICABA): BRAZIL (PIRACICABA): INFLUENCE OF SUGAR CANE INFLUENCE OF SUGAR CANE
BURNINGBURNING
Lara, Luciene L.S.1; Artaxo, P.2; Camargo, P.B.1;
Martinelli, L.A.1; Ferraz, E.S.B.1
1 Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo -
e-mail: [email protected] Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo
Piracicaba River Basin - Geographical LocationPiracicaba River Basin - Geographical Location
Brazil
State of São Paulo
Piracicaba BasinPiracicaba Basin
Equator
Capricorn
Area: 12.400 km2
Population: 2.800.000Counties: 61The second most developed area ofSão Paulo State.
PiracicabaPiracicaba
(%
)
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Sugar
Pasture
Silvicu
lture
Crops
Citrus
Urban
Forest
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Bas
in a
rea
(%)
1978
1993
19 years later
Changes in Land-Use in the Piracicaba BasinChanges in Land-Use in the Piracicaba Basin
1993
1978
1997
The sugar cane burning season extends every year from May to November.
Approximately 20 tons of sugar cane per hectare is burned.
100,000 tons of organic matter or 50,000 tons of C per year.
In Brazil 22% of all gasohol is actually ethanol from sugar cane.
Number of Hot Spots in Number of Hot Spots in the State of São Paulothe State of São Paulo
MayMay
AugustAugust
0
200
400
600
800
Jan
Mar
May Ju
lSep
Nov
Number of fire
spots
0
50
100
150
200
250
Precipitation (mm)
Data from INPE (www.inpe.br)Data from INPE (www.inpe.br)
Rain Water sources in the Piracicaba BasinRain Water sources in the Piracicaba Basin
Bragança: Bragança:
Soil dustSoil dust
Sugar cane burning Sugar cane burning
Campinas: Campinas:
Industrial emissionsIndustrial emissions
Sugar cane burningSugar cane burningPiracicaba: Piracicaba:
Sugar cane burningSugar cane burning
SoilSoil
Santa Maria: Santa Maria:
Sugar cane burningSugar cane burning
SoilSoil
Acid rain in Piracicaba River BasinAcid rain in Piracicaba River Basin
Bragança: Bragança:
pH = 4.7pH = 4.7
DOC DOC
Campinas: Campinas:
pH = 4.4pH = 4.4
SOSO442-2-, NO, NO33
--
Piracicaba: Piracicaba:
pH = 4.8pH = 4.8
DOC, NODOC, NO33--
Santa Maria: Santa Maria:
pH = 4.9pH = 4.9
DOC, NODOC, NO33--
Se n s i tiv i ty
H ig h
M ed iu m
Lo w
C ity an d W a ter B o d y
B a s e s a tura t ion (% )
0 - 2 5
2 5 - 5 0
5 0 - 7 5
7 5 - 1 0 0
Soil sensitivity to acid rain in Piracicaba River basinSoil sensitivity to acid rain in Piracicaba River basin
WET DEPOSITIONWET DEPOSITION
* Lara et al., 2001
** Willians et al., 1997
*** Pauliquevis et al., 2002
N wet deposition – kg N.ha-1.yr-1
Piracicaba * 5.5
NE - USA 6.0 – 8.0
Central Amazonia * * 1.6
Balbina (Amazonia) *** 1.4
Rondônia (Amazonia) *** 0.8
Relative sources of nitrogen to the Piracicaba River basinRelative sources of nitrogen to the Piracicaba River basinAfter Filoso et al. (2002) - After Filoso et al. (2002) - BiogeochemistryBiogeochemistry
Differences between forest and sugar cane Differences between forest and sugar cane firesfires
Forest mostly in smolderingForest mostly in smoldering200 to 300 tons C /ha200 to 300 tons C /ha
Sugar cane very fast and all in flaming phaseSugar cane very fast and all in flaming phase20 tons/ha = 0.5 tons C/ha20 tons/ha = 0.5 tons C/ha
Mass concentration
(µg.m-
3 )
050
100
150
200
250PM2.5
CPM
0
24681012
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
BC concentration
(µg.m-
3 )PM10 and Black Carbon concentration in
PiracicabaConcentration Averages:
Dry Season:PM2.5 = 22.7 g.m-3
CPM = 68.1 g.m-3
BC = 4.2 g.m-3
Wet Season:PM2.5 = 11.6 g.m-3
CPM = 22.6 g.m-3
BC = 2.1 g.m-3
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00
PM10 concentration
(µg.m-
3 )BC concentration
(µg.m-
3 )Diurnal cycle for PM10 and BC
concentrations
Burning SeasonBurning SeasonNon Burning SeasonNon Burning Season
Aerosol elemental composition in Piracicaba
1
10
100
1000
10000
PM Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn Br Pb
Con
cent
ratio
n (n
g.m
Con
cent
ratio
n (n
g.m
-3-3))
PM2.5
CPM
11
1010
100100
10001000
1000010000
BCPM2.5
CPMPM10 Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Ni
Cu Zn Br Pb
PM
PM 2.
52.
5 Con
cent
ratio
n C
once
ntra
tion
(ng.
m(n
g.m
-3-3))
Burning SeasonBurning SeasonNon Burning SeasonNon Burning Season
Biomass burning Biomass burning 60%60%
Others Others 2%2%
Oil Combustion Oil Combustion 12%12%
Industries 12%Industries 12%
Soil 14%Soil 14%
Piracicaba quantitative aerosol source apportionment
PM2.5
Biomass Biomass burning 25%burning 25%
Others Others 4%4%
Industries 20%Industries 20%
Soil 51%Soil 51%CPM
(2.5<dp<10 µm)
Piracicaba quantitative BC source apportionment
Others Others 2%2%
Oil Combustion Oil Combustion 12%12%
Industries 12%Industries 12%
Soil 14%Soil 14%
Biomass burning Biomass burning 60%60%
Stable Isotopic Composition of Aerosol in Piracicaba,
Sao Paulo and Santarem
-10
0
10
20
30
40
-36 -32 -28 -24 -20 -16 -1213C (o/oo)
15
N (
o/ o
o)
Soil
Sugar cane leaves
Wood
Canopy Leaves
Aerosol
(a)
Data from:
Martinelli et al., Atmospheric Environment, 2002
Lara et al., Atmospheric Environment, (Submitted)
δδ 13 C values of aerosol particles in: 13 C values of aerosol particles in:
Piracicaba: -20.9 ± 0.8 ‰Piracicaba: -20.9 ± 0.8 ‰
Sao Paulo: Sao Paulo: -24.6 ± 0.3 ‰-24.6 ± 0.3 ‰
Santarem: -25.8 ± 0.5 ‰ Santarem: -25.8 ± 0.5 ‰
-5-5
1515
3535
5555
7575
9595
PM2.5PM2.5 SS BCBC BrBr SiSi KK AlAl PP MgMg
% In
crea
se%
Incr
ease
Burning SeasonBurning SeasonNon Burning SeasonNon Burning Season
Percentage increases (%) in child respiratory hospital admissions at
Piracicaba
PasturePasturePerennialPerennialForestForestSugar caneSugar caneReforestationReforestationWater bodiesWater bodiesAnnual cropsAnnual cropsBare soilBare soilUrban areaUrban areaOthersOthers
New Sampling sites in the New Sampling sites in the
State of São PauloState of São Paulo