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Aerial Photography
An Archaeological Aid
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Aerial Photography• Facts:
– Aerial photos reveal buried sites that can not be seen from the ground
– Planes, balloons, UAVs– Types of marks seen:
• Shadow marks: produced by different angles of the sun• Soil Marks: produced by different tones of sub-soil.
Usually fragments of mortar, other building materials• Crop Marks: buried features affect growth above them
and therefore color.
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Ancient Pueblo Site
Pueblo site seen from ground levelAerial photo of same site now showing layout of ruins
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Pueblo Crop Marks
Although grass, trees and brush grow all over the site, none grows over the walls and room blocks themselves.
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Negative Crop Marks from Austria
Concentric rings in photo are ditches.
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Crop Marks from Musov, Moravia
Crops viewed from surface
Aerial view of same place
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Negative Crop Marks• Gallo-Roman Villa Burgundy, France
Not evident from ground
Large Roman villa, 100m per side. Outline of rooms can be seen. Walls are 60 cm below surface
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Color Infared Photography
CIR shows foot paths used by Maya (Costa Rica).
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Color Infared Photography
CIR shows 3 footpaths which connect a prehistoric cemetery beneath the forest canopy.
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Aerial Photography• Why use it?
Ground level photo of person walking among scattered stones
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Aerial Photography
• Why use it?Same area as previous slide but taken from the air!
These stones are aligned in a large grid., possibly to outline food gardens
This example clearly shows what can be missed if aerial surveys are not used in archaeological prospecting