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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Light Propagation Volumes in Light Propagation Volumes in CryEngineCryEngine®® 3 3
Anton KaplanyanAnton Kaplanyan
Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and Games
[email protected]@Crytek.de
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Agenda
IntroductionIntroduction
CryEngineCryEngine® ® 3 lighting pipeline overview3 lighting pipeline overview
Core ideaCore idea
Applications (with video)Applications (with video)
ImprovementsImprovements
Combination with other technologies (with video)Combination with other technologies (with video)
Optimizations for consolesOptimizations for consoles
Conclusion and future workConclusion and future work
Live demoLive demo
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Introduction into real-time graphics
Strictly fixed budget per frame
Many techniques are not physically-based
Consistent performance
Game production is complicated
This talk is mostly about massive and indirect lighting
This is a high level talk
– More implementation details in the paper
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
CryEngine®® 3 renderer overview (1 / 5)
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
CryEngine®® 3 renderer overview (2 / 5)
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
CryEngine®® 3 renderer overview (3 / 5)
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
CryEngine®® 3 renderer overview (4 / 5)
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
CryEngine®® 3 renderer overview (5 / 5)
Lighting accumulation pipeline:
– Apply global / local hemispherical ambient
– Optionally: Replace it with Deferred Light Probes locally
– [Global illumination solution should take place here]
– Multiply indirect term by SSAO to apply ambient occlusion
– Apply Direct Lighting on top of Indirect Lighting
AmbientDeferred
light probesDirect
lightingSSAO
Indirect lighting term
Global Illumination
Optional
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Real-time rendering development trends
Rendering is a multi-dimensional query [Mittring09]
– R = R(View, Geometry, Material, Lighting)
Divide-and-conquer strategy, some examples:
– Shadow maps (decouple visibility queries)
– Deferred techniques (decouple lighting / shading)
– Screen-space techniques (SSAO, SSGI, etc.)
– Reprojection techniques (partially decouples view)
Why?
– Less interdependencies => more consistent performance
– Future trends: parallel and distributed computations friendly
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Paper reference icon
This icon means that details are in the paper
TM
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Light Propagation Volumes
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Light Propagation Volumes: Goals
Decouples lighting complexity from screen coverage (resolution×overdraw)
– Radiance caching and storing technique
Massive lighting with point light sources
Global illumination
Participating media rendering (still work in progress…)
Consoles friendly (Xbox 360, PlayStation 3)
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Related work
Irradiance Volumes [GSHG97], [Tatarchuk04], [Oat05]Irradiance Volumes [GSHG97], [Tatarchuk04], [Oat05]
+ Signed Distance Fields [Evans06]
Lightcuts: A Scalable Approach to Illumination [WFABDG05]
Multiresolution Splatting for Indirect Illumination [NW09]
Hierarchical Image-Space Radiosity for Interactive Global Illumination [NSW09]
Non-interleaved Deferred Shading of Interleaved Sample Patterns [SIMP06]
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
SH Irradiance volumes
A grid of irradiance samples is taken throughout the scene
Each irradiance samplestored in SH form
At render time, the volume is queried and near-by irradiance samples are interpolated to estimate the global illumination at a point in the scene
From [GSHG97], [Tatarchuk04]
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Low-frequency radiance volumes
Similar to SH Irradiance Volumes [Tatarchuk04]
Stores radiance distribution instead
Low resolution 3D texture on GPU (up to 323 texels)
SH approximation is low order (up to linear band)
Radiance is not smooth [GSHG97]
– But what is the error introduced by approximating it?
From [GSHG97]
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Radiance approximation
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Light propagation in radiance volume
Start with given initial radiance distribution from emitters
Iterative process of radiance propagation
6-points axial stencil for adjacent cells
– Gathering, more efficient for GPUs
– Energy conserving
Each iteration adds to result, then propagates further
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Light propagation in radiance volume
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Rendering with Light Propagation Volume
Regular shading, similar to SH Irradiance Volumes
– Simple 3D texture look-up using world-space position
– Integrate with normal’s cosine lobe to get irradiance
• Simple computation in the shader for 2nd order SH
– Lighting for transparent objects and participating media
Deferred shading / lighting
– Draw volume’s shape into accumulation buffer
– Supports almost all deferred optimizations
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Massive Lighting with point light sources
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Massive lighting
Option 1: Inject initial energy, then propagate radiance
– A bit faster for crazy amount of lights
Option 2: Add pre-propagated radiance into each cell
– Simple analytical equation in the shader for point lights
– Higher quality, no propagation error
Error depends on the ratio (light source radius / cell size)
– Radius threshold for lighting with radiance volume
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Glossy reflections with Light Propagation Volumes
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Glossy reflections example
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Massive lighting: Results
NVIDIA GeForce GTX 280 GPU, Intel Core 2 Quad CPU @ 2.66 GHz, DirectX 9.0c API, HDR rendering @ 1280x720, no MSAA, Volume size: 323
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Massive lighting video
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Global Illumination with Light Propagation Volumes
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Global Illumination with Light Propagation Volumes
Instant Radiosity [Keller97]
– The main idea is to represent light bouncing as a set of secondary light sources: Virtual Point Lights (VPL)
Splatting Indirect Illumination [DS07]
– Based on Instant Radiosity
– Reflective Shadow Maps (RSM) are used to generate initial set of VPLs on GPU
– Importance sampling of VPLs from RSM
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Reflective Shadow Maps
Reflective Shadow Map – efficient VPL generator
Shadow map with MRT layout: depth, normal and color
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Inject the initial radiance from VPLs into radiance volume
– Point rendering
– Place each point into appropriate cell
• Using vertex texture fetch / R2VB
– Approximate initial radiance of each VPL with SH
• Simple analytical expression in shader
Propagate the radiance
Render scene with propagated radiance
Global Illumination with Light Propagation Volumes
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Implementation details
Light Propagation Volume moves with camera
3D cell-size snapping for volume movement
2D texel-size snapping for RSM movement
RSM is higher in resolution than radiance volume
Smart down-sampling of RSM
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Global Illumination with Light Propagation Volumes
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Issue: Cell-alignment of VPLs
Injection of VPLs involvesposition shifting
– Position of injected VLP becomes grid-aligned
– Consequence of spatial radiance approximation
Unwanted radiance bleeding
– Lighting of double-sided and thin geometry
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Cell-alignment of VPLs: Bleeding example
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Cell-alignment of VPLs: Solution
VPL half-cell shifting
– towards normal
– towards light direction
Coupled by anisotropic bilateral filtering
– During final rendering pass
– Sample radiance with offset by surface normal
– Compute radiance gradient
– Compare radiance with radiance gradient
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Cascaded Light Propagation Volumes for GI
One grid is limited in dimensions and low resolution
Multiresolution approach for radiance volumes
– Similar to Cascaded Shadow Maps technique [SD02]
– Preserves surrounding radiance outside of the view
Each cascade is independent
– With separate RSM for each cascade
– Transmit radiance across adjacent edges
– Filter objects by size for particular RSM
Efficient hierarchical representation of radiance emitters
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Global Illumination Video
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Global Illumination: Combination with SSAO
No secondary occlusion for light propagation volumes
Can be approximated by Ambient Occlusion term
SSAO on, GI off SSAO off, GI on GI + SSAO
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Global Illumination: Combination with SSGI
Screen-Space Global Illumination [RGS09]
Limitations of SSGI
– Only screen-space information
– Huge kernel radius for close objects
Limitations of Light Propagation Volumes
– Local solution
– Low resolution spatial approximation
Supplementing each other
– Custom blending
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Global Illumination: Combination with SSGI
SSGI off SSGI on
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Optimizations for consoles: Xbox 360 / PS3
3D texture look-up with trilinear filtering
Radiance volume is 32 bpp for all three SH textures
Xbox 360, ~3,5 ms per frame
– Vertex texture fetching for RSM injection
– Work-around to resolve into particular slice of 3D texture
PlayStation 3, ~3,4 ms per frame
– Emulate signed blending in the shader
– R2VB for RSM injection (using memory remapping)
– Render to unwrapped 2D RT then remap as 3D texture
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Future work
Better radiance approximation…
Participating media rendering
Occlusion for indirect lighting
Multiple bounces
Improve quality
– Improved propagation scheme
– Better angular approximation
– Adaptive grids
Support for arbitrary types of light sources
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
References
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
Acknowledgment
Michael Endres, Felix Dodd, Marco Siegel, Frank Meinl, Alexandra Cicorschi, Helder Pinto, Efgeni Bischoff and other artists and designers at Crytek for created scenes
Martin Mittring, Vladimir Kajalin, Tiago Sousa, Ury Zhilinsky, Mark Atkinson, Evgeny Adamenkov and the whole Crytek R&D team
Special thanks to Carsten Dachsbacher and Natalia Tatarchuk
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Advances in Real-Time Rendering in 3D Graphics and GamesNew Orleans, LA (August 2009)
[email protected]@Crytek.de