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Advances in Bioscience Education Summer Workshop
Immunolabeling for Fluorescence and Electron Microscopy
June 27 - 29, 2006
Biological Electron Microscope FacilityPacific Biosciences Research Center
University of Hawai’i at Manoa
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Biological Electron Microscope Facility
Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai’i at Manoa
Instrumentation, service and training State-of-the-art instruments for biological
microscopy In operation since 1984 Personnel:
Dr. Richard D. Allen, Director Dr. Marilyn F. Dunlap, Manager Tina M. (Weatherby) Carvalho, M.S., Supervisor
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Light and Electron Microscopy
Light microscopy Glass lenses Source of illumination is usually light of visible
wavelengths Tungsten bulb Mercury vapor or Xenon lamp Laser
Electron microscopy Electromagnetic lenses Source of illumination is electrons
Hairpin tungsten filament (thermionic emission) Pointed tungsten crystal (cold cathode field emission) Lanthanum hexaboride
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Epifluorescence Microscopy
Olympus BX51 upright microscope
Broad-band epifluorescence excitation and detection
DIC optics Optronics scientific
grade digital camera
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Epifluorescence
Green photos courtesy Dr. Teena Michaels, KCCRed photo courtesy Dr. Claude Jourdan-LeSaux
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Common Fluorescence Applications
Localize/identify specific organelles Detect live cells vs. dead cells, necrotic vs.
apoptotic cells Determine cell membrane permeability Localize antigen-specific molecules Multiple labeling
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Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope
Olympus Fluoview FV1000Three colors + Trans-mitted simultaneouslyExcitation with 405, 458, 488, 515, 543, and 633 nm lasersVarious emission filtersOptical sectioning3-D reconstructionStereo viewsAnimations
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Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy
Adjustable pinhole aperture eliminates out-of-focus glare
Better resolution Serial optical
sections can be collected from thick specimens
Live or fixed cell and tissue imaging
Photo courtesy of Gregg Meada & Dr. Gert DeCouet, UHM
Drosophila eye
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Epifluorescence vs. Confocal
Sample courtesy Gregg Meada & Dr. Gert DeCouet, UHM
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Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)
Hitachi S-800 FESEM High magnification
(40x to 300,000x) High resolution (better
than 2 nm) Easy to learn Hi-res digital images Prep equipment:
critical point dryer, sputter coater
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SEM Images
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Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM)
Zeiss 10/A conventional TEM
Excellent for training Film only
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LEO 912 Energy-Filtering TEM
In-column energy filter (electromagnetic prism)
Ultrathin to 0.5 µm sections Contrast tuning Elemental analysis with
electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS)
Elemental mapping with electron spectrographic imaging (ESI)
Eucentric goniometer stage Digital images
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Conventional TEM Micrographs
Skin Bacteria in cell Apoptosis
Chloroplast Collagen Virus in cell
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Negative Staining
Viruses, small particles, proteins, molecules
No sectioning
Same day results
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EFTEM - Electron Spectrographic Imaging (ESI) - elemental mapping
Calcium in mitochrondria from ischemic brain
Iron in liver
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EFTEM- Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS)
EELS spectrum
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Ultramicrotomy
Ultrathin (60-90 nm) sectioning of resin-embedded specimens
Several brands/models available
Cryoultramicrotomy
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Cryotechniques
Ultrarapid cryofixation Metal mirror impact Liquid propane plunge
Freeze fracture with Balzers 400T
Cryosubstitution Cryoultramicrotomy –
Ultrathin frozen sections (primarily for antibody labeling)
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Cryo Examples
Freeze fracture, deep-etch, rotary shadow
Cryosection/im-munogold label
Cryosubstitution
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Image Manipulation and Analysis
Soft Imaging System analySIS professional software
EFTEM acquisition and analysis
Light Microscopy Images from other sources Particle counting and
analysis Feature extraction Image and results database
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Immunolocalization
LM Fluor/confocal TEM SEM with
backscatter detector
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Approaches to Immunolabeling
Direct Method: Primary antibody contains label
Indirect Method: Primary antibody followed by labeled secondary antibody
Amplified Method: Methods to add more reporter to labeled site
Protein A Method: May be used as secondary reagent instead of antibody
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Direct Labeling Method
Labeled primary antibody reacts directly with the antigen in the histological or cytological preparation
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Two-step Indirect Method
Fluorescent-conjugated secondary antibody attaches to primary antibody that is bound to antigen
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Amplified Method
If the antibody reporter signal is weak, the signal can be amplified by several methods, e.g., streptavidin-biotin complex
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Double-labeling Method
Use primary antibodies derived from different animals (e.g., one mouse antibody and one rabbit antibody)
Then use two secondary antibodies conjugated with reporters that can be distinguished from one another
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Immunolabeling for Transmission Electron Microscopy
Normally do Two-Step Method
Primary antibody applied followed by colloidal gold-labeled secondary antibody
May also be enhanced with silver
Can also do for LM
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Preparation of Biological Specimens for Immunolabeling
The goal is to preserve tissue as closely as possible to its natural state while at the same time maintaining the ability of the antigen to react with the antibody
Chemical fixation of whole mounts prior to labeling for LM
Chemical fixation, dehydration, and embedment in paraffin or resin for sectioning for LM or TEM
Chemical fixation for cryosections for LM Cryofixation for LM or TEM
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Chemical Fixation
Antigenic sites are easily denatured or masked during chemical fixation
Glutaraldehyde gives good fixation but may mask antigens, plus it is fluorescent
Paraformaldehyde often better choice, but results in poor morphology , especially for electron microscopy
May use e.g., 4% paraformaldehyde with 0.5% glutaraldehyde as a good compromise
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Preembedding or Postembedding Labeling
May use preembedding labeling for surface antigens or for permeabilized cells
The advantage is that antigenicity is more likely preserved
Postembedding labeling is performed on sectioned tissue, on grids, allowing access to internal antigens
Antigenicity probably partially compromised by embedding
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Steps in Labeling of Sections
Chemical fixation Dehydration, infiltration, embedding and
sectioning Optional etching of embedment, permeabilization Blocking Incubation with primary antibody Washing Incubation with secondary antibody congugated
with reporter (fluorescent probe, colloidal gold) Washing, optional counterstaining Mount and view
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Controls! Controls! Controls!
Omit primary antibody Irrelevant primary antibody Pre-immune serum Perform positive control Check for autofluorescence Check for non-specific labeling Dilution series
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Dilutions are Important
Typically should do an extensive dilution series to determine best concentration of both primary and secondary antibodies
This shows an antibody at concentrations of 1:100 and 1:2000
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Know Your Artifacts
And use them to your advantage! Green is label; orange-red is
autofluorescence Acts as counterstain
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Autofluorescence
Need to select label that will be readily distinguished from autofluorescence
Several techniques to quench autofluorescence
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What is a Microscope?
A tool that magnifies and improves resolution of the components of a structure
Has three components: one or more sources of illumination, a magnifying system, and one or more detectors
Light microscopes use a beam of light for illumination and include fluorescence and confocal microscopes
Electron microscopes use electrons as a source of illumination and include transmission and scanning electron microscopes
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Light and Electron Microscopes
Lenses are used to control a beam of illumination, magnify, and direct an image to a detector
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Light Microscopes
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Objective Lenses
Objective lens choice is important! Not all objective lenses are created equal The more correction a lens has, the less transmission Resolution is dictated by Numerical Aperture (NA) Talk to your microscope company representative
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Light Microscopes - Resolution
Resolution depends on the light gathering of the objective, which depends on the NA, and on the light path, which includes the slide, sample, mounting medium, coverslip, and air or immersion oil
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Light Path in Fluorescence
Light delivered through excitation filter and then objective lens to specimen where it is absorbed; emitted light goes back through objective lens through barrier filter and emission filter and then to detector.
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Fluorescence Microscopes
Illumination light path is the same as the sampling light path
Need to maximize the light throughput in both directions – no more than 22% of light will be detected on a good day
Need to match refractive indices (RI)
Use the best optics with the fewest elements
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Optical Choices for Fluorescence
Minimize the number of lens elements to increase light throughput, but correct for spherical aberration
Optimize magnification and NA; best choice often a 60X 1.4NA plan objective
Only use magnification required to collect the information needed
Use a mercury lamp for normal work and a xenon lamp for quantitative studies
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Kohler Illumination
Kohler illumination is essential for good transmitted light contrast
Focus slide Close field diaphragm Focus diaphragm in field by adjusting condenser
height Center diaphragm in field Open diaphragm to fill field and recheck
centration Adjust iris diaphragm (on condenser) to taste
(affects contrast and depth of focus)
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Elements of Fluorescence Microscope
Light source Mercury vapor Xenon Laser
Optical lenses
Optical filters
Detection system Eye Film camera Digital camera Photomultiplier tube (PMT)
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Fluorescence
Photons of a certain energy excite the fluorochrome, raising it to a higher energy state, and as it falls back to it’s original state it releases energy in the form of a photon of lower energy than the excitation energy.
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Fluorescence
Fluorochromes are excited by specific wavelengths of light and emit specific wavelengths of a lower energy (longer wavelength)
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Filter Cubes for Fluorescence
Filter cubes generally have an excitation filter, a dichroic element, and an emission filter
The elements of a cube are selected for the excitation and fluorescence detection desired
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Classification of Filters
Long pass – passes longer wavelengths
Short pass – passes shorter wavelengths
Band pass – passes defined wavelengths
Dichromatic mirror – transmits long wavelengths, reflects shorter wavelengths
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Choose Fluorochrome/Filter Combos
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Spectral Characteristics of Probes
Omega Filters Curv-o-Matic http://www.omegafilters.com/front/curvomatic/spectra.php
Other filter and microscope companies
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Ideal Fluorochrome
Small size – must get into cell
High absorption maximum – sensitive to excitation
Narrow absorption spectrum – excited by a narrow wavelength
High quantum efficiency – likely to fluoresce
Narrow emission spectrum – so you can find it specifically
Large Stoke’s shift – emission curve far enough away from excitation curve to minimize bleedthrough
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Types of Fluorochromes
Simple dyes Acridine orange, DAPI, Propridium iodide, Lucifer yellow
Physiological probes Calcium green, Rhodamine 123, Fluorescein diacetate
Specific probes Phalloidin, Lectins, GFP, Primary and secondary antibodies
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Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy
Fluorescence technique Uses laser light for excitation Improves image resolution over conventional
fluorescence techniques Optically removes out-of-focus light and detects
only signal from focal plane Can construct an in-focus image of considerable
depth from a stack of images taken from different focal planes of a thick specimen
Can then make a 3-D image that can be tilted, rotated, and sliced
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Principal Light Pathway in Confocal Microscopy
Laser light is scanned pixel by pixel across the sample through the objective lens
Fluorescent light is reflected back through the objective and filters (dichroic mirrors)
Adjustable pinhole apertures for PMTs eliminate out-of-focus flare
Image is detected by photomultiplier(s) and digitized on computer
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Compressed Z-stack Image
3-D reconstruction Tilt and rotate
Stereo projection Animation Montage Image
enhancement
Photo courtesy Dr. Alex Stokes, Queens Medical Center
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Confocal Movies
Photo courtesy Dr. Alex Stokes, Queen’s Medical Center
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Confocal Projects
Investigation of Wnt pathways in sea urchin gastrulation (Dr. Christine Byrum/Dr. Athula Wikramanayake)
Localization of transmembrane proteins in airway smooth muscle cells (Dr. Lynn Iwamoto, Kapiolani)
GFP in drosophila (Gregg Meada/Dr. Gert deCouet)
Neurohormones (Dr. Ian Cooke/Toni Hsu)
IL-10 receptors of lung fibroblasts (Dr. Claude Jourdan-LeSaux)
Aggregation of acetylcholine receptors in muscle cells (Drs. Jes Stollberg, UHM, and Michael Canute, HPU)
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Differential Interference Contrast (Nomarski)
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Digital Imaging
Digital advantages include sensitivity, speed, quantitation, feature extraction and image analysis
CCD cameras - High resolution, slowVideo cameras – Low resolution, fastPhotomultiplier tubes (PMTs) – point
recorders, used for confocal
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Digital Cameras
Need enough sensitivity for signal you want to detect
Need enough speed for event you want to detect Need enough grayscales – 8 bits for
documentation, 12 bits for quantitation Need enough resolution - the number of of pixels
must be sufficient to distinguish features of interest, but too many pixels is a waste of data space
Color is simply three black and white images combined and useful primarily for image processing
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Optronics MacroFire Digital Camera
Extremely sensitive 2048 x 2048 pixels Millisecond exposures Firewire Fits on both Olympus
compound and stereo zoom microscopes
Suitable for BF, DF, and Fluorescence
Also Optronics MagnaFire SP 1280 x 1024 pixels and Nikon Coolpix cameras
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TEM
Transmission Electron Microscope
Illumination source is beam of electrons from tungsten wire
Electromagnetic lenses perform same function as glass lenses in LM
Higher resolution and higher magnification of thin specimens
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Specimen Preparation for TEM
Chemical fixation with buffered glutaraldehyde Or 4% paraformaldehyde with >1% glutaraldehyde
Postfixation with osmium tetroxide Or not, or with subsequent removal from sections
Dehydration and infiltration with liquid epoxy or acrylic resin
Polymerization of hard blocks by heat or UV Ultramicrotomy – 60-80nm sections Labeling and/or staining View with TEM
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Colloidal Gold Immunolabeling for TEM
Colloidal gold of defined sizes, e.g., 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, easily conjugated to antibodies
Results in small, round, electron-dense label easily detected with EM
Can be enhanced after labeling to enlarge size for LM or EM
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Colloidal Gold in TEM
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Colloidal Gold in TEM
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Double Immunogold Labeling of Negatively Stained Specimens
Bacterial pili serotypes dried onto grid and sequentially labeled with primary antibody, then Protein-A-5nm-gold and Protein-A-15-nm-gold before negative staining
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TEM Grids
TEM grids are 3 mm supports of various meshes
You will handle them by the edges with fine forceps
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Colloidal Gold in SEM
Gold particles are often difficult to see against the membrane with secondary electron detection
Gold particles show up brighter with backscattered electron detection
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Preparation of Images for Publication
Microscopy – Images are your data!
Adjustment and labeling of images for figure plates with Adobe Photoshop
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How to Contact the BEMF
Location: Snyder Hall 118 – University of Hawai’i at Manoa
Phone: 808 956-6251
FAX: 808 956-5043
URL: http://www.pbrc.hawaii.edu/bemf
E-mail: [email protected]
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Acknowledgments
We thank all of the researchers who agreed to let us use their images for this presentation
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Microscopy & Microanalysis 2005
July 31 - August 4, 2005 Hawaii Convention Center Over 1100 talks and posters Huge trade show featuring the latest in
microscopes and related instrumentation, software, and support
Pre-meeting workshops http://mm2005.microscopy.org