Download - Advancements Technology Horizontal Drilling
Doug Hollies
CADE Technical Luncheon February 17, 2010
Uncertainty Modeling in Directional Surveying
Mud Motor improvements and applications
Strategies for effective horizontal drilling in the pay zone
Latest in Directional Technology
CADE Technical Luncheon February 17, 2010
Readings to Generate a Directional Survey
• Depth (Drill pipe measurement)• Inclination (Gravity Reading)• Azimuth (Magnetic Reading)
Uncertainty Modeling Errors and Uncertainty
Tool face• Orientation for drill string….not a
element of well path calculations
Directional Surveying - Impacts and Risk Management
Directional Surveying - Impacts and Risk Management
Standard Deviations σ= 67% (2 of 3) 2σ = 95% (19 of 20) 3σ = 99.7% (997 of
1000)
Example - Heights of People Average Height -
165cm Std Dev – 25cm
Height of a human being = 165cm + 75cm
Probability in two dimensions
Directional Surveying - Impacts and Risk Management
Directional Surveying - Impacts and Risk Management
Depth Measurement + 2m / 1000mInclination and Azimuth
Directional Surveying - Impacts and Risk Management
Directional Surveying - Impacts and Risk Management
A very simple rule of thumb estimates spatial error from an angular error as follows:1 degree in angle creates about 2% in distance
For example. If a line of 1000m was measured on a bearing of 90 degrees plus or minus 1 degree, the final point would be in error by approximately +/- 20m.
(3 /1000)2
(3 standard deviations with 99.7% confidence squared)
At a separation factor of 1, the chances of having a wellbore collision are less than 1 in 100,000. Why?
Directional Surveying - Impacts and Risk Management
Directional Surveying - Impacts and Risk Management Anti-collision Assessment
In the ISCWSA error model there are dozens of error sources. Each will affect a given survey station in a different way. For example the accuracy with which we know our magnetic north would be a simple azimuth effect. This will not have any effect on either inclination or measured depth observations. ‘Weighting Functions’ are used to determine the effect any error source will have on MD, Inc and Az respectively. We say that the ‘Weighting Functions’ for a compass reference error are (0, 0, 1) i.e. they have no effect on MD, no effect on Inc and a full effect on azimuth.
In Field Reference (IFR) surveys to remove errors due to crustal anomalies (0,0,1)
OilField Differential Magnetic Reference Stations to correct for diurnal and solar storm effects (0,0,1)
Multi-Station Analysis Software to correct for downhole magnetic interference (0,0,1)
SAG correction software to correct for deflection of the Bottom Hole Assembly (0,1,0)
International Steering Committee on Wellbore
Survey Accuracy
What do we do if our separation factor is less than 1?
Directional Surveying - Impacts and Risk Management
Directional Surveying - Impacts and Risk Management Anti-collision Assessment
PMWDPMWD +
SAGPMWD +
SAGPMWD +
SAGPMWD +
SAG PMWD +
SAGPMWD +
SAG
+ Z Axis + IFR+ IFR + Z
Axis + IIFR+ IIFR + Z
Axis
Relative Depth Error (/1000) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Misalignment Error (Deg) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
True Inclination Error (Deg) 0.25 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
Compass Reference Error (Deg) 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.40 0.40 0.25 0.25
Drill string Magnetization (Deg) 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.25 0.00
International Steering Committee on
Wellbore Survey Accuracy
Errors can be minimized.
Well Engineering Management
System•Well Trajectory
Control
CADE Technical Luncheon February 17, 2010
Review of Weakest Links◦ Early 90’s - MWD Systems◦ Mid 90’s - Drill Bits◦ Late 90’s – Drilling Fluids◦ Early 00’s – LWD / RS Systems◦ Now – Mud Motors
Machined Contour
Rotor
Stator
Uniform Power Section
Steel Housing
Rubber/Elastomer
Fluid Cavity
Rotor
Stator
Conventional Power Section
Machined Contour
Rotor
Stator
Uniform Power Section
Machined Contour
Rotor
Stator Machined Contour
Rotor
Stator
Uniform Power Section
Steel Housing
Rubber/Elastomer
Fluid Cavity
Rotor
Stator
Conventional Power Section
Steel Housing
Rubber/Elastomer
Fluid Cavity
Rotor
Stator Steel Housing
Rubber/Elastomer
Fluid Cavity
Rotor
Stator
Conventional Power Section
Machine contoured power sectionsSmaller amounts and higher quality elastomersTitanium Rotors
Old Style Motor Curve
Uniform Power Section Curve
design improvement: rotors are lighter and stronger, bearing packs are far more robust, transmission systems match power generation and expected ‘hanging loads’ and side forces!
Review of Weakest Links◦ Early 90’s - MWD Systems◦ Mid 90’s - Drill Bits◦ Late 90’s – Drilling Fluids◦ Early 00’s – LWD / RS Systems◦ Late 00’s - Mud Motors◦ Early 10’s - Next Technology???
Build a Well, not a Hole! CADE Technical Luncheon February 17, 2010
Build a Well, not a Hole! CADE Technical Luncheon February 17, 2010
Time lapse photography of your hole
Chemical and physical interactions with hole
Hole Cleaning and Cementing implications
Survey errors too large to drill parallel wells with confidence
Large magnetic field reading are relative position reading with point source errors (not additive)
Measured Magnetic field(from the MWD Tool - validated)
Earth’s field (this is what you need for accurate surveys)
Permanent field (Multi-station Analysis?)
Induced field - generated
Earth’s Magnetic field + Permanent = Measured + Induced
Active Ranging Technology
◦ Surveys are affected by Surveys are affected by magnetic interference frommagnetic interference from CasingCasing BHABHA Nearby wellsNearby wells Magnetic formationsMagnetic formations Magnetic mudMagnetic mud
◦ Reference an unstable field Reference an unstable field (declination errors)(declination errors)
◦ These can be quantified!!!!These can be quantified!!!!
Magnetic Instruments : Multi-station Analysis
Magnetized Slotted liner
Std MWD Systems reads distance to liner (known signal strength at distance)
Attention to magnetic interference sources
Measured Magnetic field(from the MWD Tool - validated)
Earth’s Magnetic field (this is what you need for accurate surveys)
Permanent field (Multi-station Analysis)
Induced field (Resultant Vector)
Passive Ranging Technology
Advantages Disadvantages
No production well intervention during injection well drilling (operational integrity and completion friendly)
No delays at connections for surveys
Forced to quantify Magnetic Error sources. (Accuracy)
Handling issues with magnetized liner
Forced to quantify Magnetic Error sources (Effort / Risk)
Weaker magnetic signal
Not sure whether to magnetize both injector and production liner
Permanent Magnetic field could be rearranged by powerful electromagnet
Advancements in the Technology of Advancements in the Technology of Horizontal Drilling Horizontal Drilling
Advancements in the Technology of Advancements in the Technology of Horizontal Drilling Horizontal Drilling
Reference Material for Today’s Presentation
The Evolution of Horizontal DrillingCADE/CAODC Drilling Conference – September 12, 2002Field, Leroy, Amoco Canada, et al
Accuracy Prediction for Directional Measurement While DrillingH.S. Williamson, SPE, BPSPE Drill. & Completion, December, 2000
SPE/Petroleum Society of CIM/CHOA 78964Case History: Horizontal Well SAGD Technology is Successful Applied to Produce Oil at LAK Ranch in Newcastle WyomingTracy L. Grills, Bryan Vandal/Sperry-Sun Drilling Services, Frank Hallum/Derek Resources Corporation, Dr. Paul Trost/MTARRI Inc.
SPE/Petroleum Society of CIM/CHOA 79005 Magnetic Ranging Technologies for Drilling Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage Well Pairs and Unique Well Geometries – A Comparison of TechnologiesTracy L. Grills, P.Eng., Sperry-Sun Drilling Services, A Halliburton Company
SPE/ISRM Paper 78208Rock Mechanics and Wellbore Stability Analysis While Drilling using LWD Sonic, Density and Caliper MeasurementsPaul Boonen, Graham McElhinney – Pathfinder Energy Services
SPE 84246A Compendium of Directional Calculations Based on the Minimum Curvature Method S.J. Sawaryn, SPE, J.L. Thorogood, SPE, BP plc.
Reference Material for Today’s Presentation
SPE/IADC 79917Continuous Direction and Inclination Measurements Lead to an Improvement in Wellbore PositioningE.J. Stockhausen, SPE, Chevron, Texaco and W.G. Lesso, Jr., SPE, Schlumberger.
IADC/SPE Paper Number 59200Gravity MWD: A New Technique to Determine Your Well PathG.A. McElhinney, SPE, PathFinder Energy Services., A. Margeirsson, Jaroboranir HF, Iceland Drilling Co. Ltd., K. Hamlin, SPE and I. Blok, PathFinder Energy Services.
SPE Paper 87166The First Use of Gravity MWD in Offshore Drilling Delivers Reliable Azimuth Measurements in Close Proximity to Sources of Magnetic InterferenceElizabeth Matheson, SPE, ConocoPhillips and Graham McElhinney, SPE, Richard Lee of PathFinder Energy Services.
SPE 84243The First Use of Gravity MWD in Offshore Drilling Delivers Reliable Azimuth Measurements in Close Proximity to Sources of Magnetic InterferenceElizabeth Matheson, SPE, ConocoPhillips and Graham McElhinney, SPE, Richard Lee of PathFinder Energy Services.
SPE 50381Field Implementation of Geological Steering Techniques Optimizes Drilling in Highly Deviated and Horizontal WellsJackson, Charles E., SPE, Herbert M.J. Illfelder, and Giser Pineda, SPE/Halliburton Energy Services
Borehole Position Uncertainty – Analysis of Measuring Methods and Derivation of Systematic Error ModelC.J.M. Wolff, Koninklijke/Shell Exploratie en Produktie Laboratorium, J.P. de Wardt, Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij
Reference Material for Today’s Presentation
New Electromagnetic Surveying/Ranging Method for Drilling Parallel Horizontal Twin WellsA.F Kuckes, SPE, Vector Magnetics Inc.; R.T. Hay, SPE, and Joseph McMahon, Sperry-Sun Drilling Services of Canada; A.G. Nord and D.A.. Schilling, SPE, Amoco Canada; and Jeff Morden, Sperry-Sun Drilling Services of CanadaSPE Drilling & Completion, June 1996
Improving MWD Survey Accuracy in Deviated Wells By Use of New Triaxial Magnetic Azimuth Correction MethodRoar Sognnes, Halliburton Energy Services, Bob Smith, BP Norge, U.A., Graham McElhinney, Halliburton Energy Services, Dr. Michael A. Yuratich, TSL Technology Ltd.
Mottahedeh, Rocky, SMART 4D Drilling Geosteering System and Services, Copyright -United Oil and Gas Consulting Ltd 2009
If you have any further questions, I can be reached at [email protected]