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Advanced BiologyAdvanced Biology
Chapter 22Chapter 22Nonspecific Body Nonspecific Body
Defenses and ImmunityDefenses and Immunity
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Nonspecific – InnateNonspecific – Innate
Specific – AdaptiveSpecific – Adaptive
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Intact skin and Intact skin and mucosamucosa
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PhagocytesPhagocytesOther cells Other cells (inflammatory)(inflammatory)
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Specific DefenseSpecific DefenseB Cells and T CellsB Cells and T Cells
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Functional SystemFunctional SystemNo OrgansNo OrgansTrillions of CellsTrillions of Cells
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Resistance to DiseaseResistance to Disease
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NonspecificNonspecific
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SpecificSpecific
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Keratin provides a Keratin provides a barrier – resistant to barrier – resistant to weak acids/bases and weak acids/bases and bacterial toxinsbacterial toxins
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Acidic – pH 3-5, Acidic – pH 3-5, inhibits bacterial inhibits bacterial growth; sebum growth; sebum contains chemicals contains chemicals toxic to bacteriatoxic to bacteria
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Stomach – Stomach – concentrated HCl and concentrated HCl and protein digesting protein digesting enzymesenzymes
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Saliva and lacrimal Saliva and lacrimal fluid contains fluid contains lysozyme which lysozyme which destroys bacteriadestroys bacteria
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Sticky mucus traps Sticky mucus traps microorganismsmicroorganisms
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MACROPHAGESMACROPHAGESDerived from Derived from monocytesmonocytes
Free MAC wander all Free MAC wander all overover
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Kupffer cells -liverKupffer cells -liverAlveolar cells – LungsAlveolar cells – LungsPermanent residentsPermanent residents
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WBC that can WBC that can phagocytizephagocytize
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Neutrophils release Neutrophils release defensins – kills defensins – kills everything around it, everything around it, including itselfincluding itself
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WBCWBCDefend against Defend against parasitic worms by parasitic worms by surrounding it and surrounding it and discharging enzymesdischarging enzymes
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Some bacteria can Some bacteria can replicate inside MACs, replicate inside MACs, MACs are stimulated to MACs are stimulated to release other release other chemicals (Nitric oxide)chemicals (Nitric oxide)
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Police the bodyPolice the bodyChecks markers – Checks markers – releases cytolytic releases cytolytic chemicalschemicals
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Prevent Spread of Prevent Spread of damaging agentsdamaging agents
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Dispose of cell debrisDispose of cell debris
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Set stage for repairSet stage for repair
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Enhance the body’s Enhance the body’s nonspecific defenses by nonspecific defenses by attacking microorganisms attacking microorganisms or hinder their ability to or hinder their ability to reproducereproduce
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Classical – Binding of Classical – Binding of antibodiesantibodies
Alternative – Certain Alternative – Certain protein factors are protein factors are initiatedinitiated
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Convergence on C3, Convergence on C3, Splitting it, C3a, C3b. Splitting it, C3a, C3b. Initiates events that Initiates events that cause lysis, promotes cause lysis, promotes phagocytosis and phagocytosis and enhances inflammationenhances inflammation
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Message to tell other Message to tell other cells there is a viruscells there is a virus
Those cells synthesize Those cells synthesize “PKR” which interferes “PKR” which interferes with viral replicationwith viral replication
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PyrogensPyrogensPyro – firePyro – fire
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Causes liver/spleen Causes liver/spleen to retain zinc/ironto retain zinc/iron
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Helps speed up Helps speed up metabolic rate of metabolic rate of cellscells
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Can denature Can denature bacterial enzymesbacterial enzymes
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Advanced BiologyAdvanced Biology
Chapter 22Chapter 22
Specific Body Specific Body Defenses: ImmunityDefenses: Immunity
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Immune ResponseImmune Response
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GoodGood
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To mount an immune To mount an immune response is expensive. response is expensive.
Lots of energy is Lots of energy is required. Being specific, required. Being specific, energy is only expended energy is only expended
when necessary.when necessary.
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Study of ImmunityStudy of Immunity
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Antigen-SpecificAntigen-SpecificSystemicSystemicMemoryMemory
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Humoral (Antibody-Humoral (Antibody-mediated)mediated)
Cellular (Cell-Cellular (Cell-mediated)mediated)
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IntrudersIntrudersNot selfNot self
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Immunogenicity – Immunogenicity – stimulate the stimulate the proliferation of specific proliferation of specific lymphocytes and lymphocytes and antibody productionantibody production
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Reactivity – Ability to Reactivity – Ability to react with react with lymphocytes or lymphocytes or antibodiesantibodies
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Part of antigen that is Part of antigen that is immunogenicimmunogenic
Binds to itBinds to it
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Self-antigenSelf-antigenMajor Major Histocompatibility Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)Complex (MHC)
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Class I MHC – All body Class I MHC – All body cellscells
Class II MHC – Immune Class II MHC – Immune Response CellsResponse Cells
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Antigen Presenting Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)Cells (APC)
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B Lymphocytes B Lymphocytes (Humoral)(Humoral)
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T Lymphocytes (Cell T Lymphocytes (Cell mediated)mediated)
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To be able to To be able to recognize a specific recognize a specific antigenantigen
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Eliminates themEliminates them
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Before meeting antigenBefore meeting antigen It is in your genesIt is in your genesAn antigen only An antigen only determines which B or T determines which B or T cell will proliferate and cell will proliferate and attackattack
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Engulfs antigen, Engulfs antigen, shows it to a T cellshows it to a T cell
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Advanced BiologyAdvanced Biology
Chapter 22Chapter 22
Humoral Immune Humoral Immune ResponseResponse
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Not a game show Not a game show
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11stst Encounter b/w Encounter b/w immunocompetent immunocompetent lymphocyte and lymphocyte and invading antigeninvading antigen
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3 to 6 Days3 to 6 DaysTakes time for B cells Takes time for B cells to differentiateto differentiate
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2ndry much faster, 2ndry much faster, more prolonged and more prolonged and more effective. 2-3 more effective. 2-3 day responseday response
See pg 775See pg 775
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The capacity to The capacity to produce a powerful produce a powerful 2ndry humoral 2ndry humoral responseresponse
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When B cells When B cells encounter antigens encounter antigens and produce and produce antibodies against antibodies against themthem
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Naturally acquired: Naturally acquired: During bacterial & During bacterial & viral infectionsviral infections
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Artificially acquired: Artificially acquired: Through vaccineThrough vaccine
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Dead or attenuated Dead or attenuated (living but weakened) (living but weakened) pathogenspathogens
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Spare us from most of Spare us from most of the symptomsthe symptoms
Provide functional Provide functional antigenic antigenic determinatesdeterminates
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No memory is No memory is establishedestablished
Fetus to motherFetus to mother
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ImmunoglobulinsImmunoglobulins
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IgD – Attaches to B IgD – Attaches to B cells, activates B cellscells, activates B cells
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IgM – Large, pentamer IgM – Large, pentamer shape. Antigen receptive, shape. Antigen receptive, 11stst Ig released during Ig released during primary response. Fixes primary response. Fixes and activates complementand activates complement
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IgG – Most abundant – 75-IgG – Most abundant – 75-85%. Crosses placenta, 85%. Crosses placenta, protects against bacteria, protects against bacteria, viruses and toxins. Fixes viruses and toxins. Fixes complement.complement.
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IgA – Dimer (2), found IgA – Dimer (2), found in body secretions, in body secretions, helps prevent helps prevent attachment of attachment of pathogens to epithelial pathogens to epithelial cellscells
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IgE – Stem region is IgE – Stem region is bound to mast cells bound to mast cells and basophils and basophils (allergies)(allergies)
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Antigen-Antibody Antigen-Antibody complexescomplexes
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ComplementComplement
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Neutralization – Neutralization – blocks specific sites blocks specific sites on viruses and on viruses and bacteriabacteria
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Agglutination – Agglutination – Clumping of cellsClumping of cells
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Precipitation – not rain.Precipitation – not rain.Antigen molecules, not Antigen molecules, not cells, are clumped cells, are clumped together.together.
See page 780.See page 780.
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Advanced BiologyAdvanced Biology
Chapter 22Chapter 22
Cell-Mediated Cell-Mediated Immune ResponseImmune Response
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Microorganisms that Microorganisms that slip inside body cellsslip inside body cells
Trying to avoid Trying to avoid immune systemimmune system
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CD4 = T4, Helper TsCD4 = T4, Helper TsCD8 = T8, Cytotoxic CD8 = T8, Cytotoxic TsTs
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Through processed Through processed parts on an APCparts on an APC
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Provide means for Provide means for signaling to immune signaling to immune
system cells that system cells that infectious microorganisms infectious microorganisms
are hiding in body cellsare hiding in body cells
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Step 1: Antigen BindingStep 1: Antigen BindingT cell antigen receptors, T cell antigen receptors, TCRs, bind to an TCRs, bind to an antigen-MHC protein antigen-MHC protein complexcomplex
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Helper Ts bind to MHC Helper Ts bind to MHC II – w/help of APCII – w/help of APC
Cytotoxic Ts bind to Cytotoxic Ts bind to MHC I – needs no APCMHC I – needs no APC
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Step 2: CostimulationStep 2: Costimulation If bound to right costimulator If bound to right costimulator
(protein, chemicals), (protein, chemicals), stimulation (proliferation) stimulation (proliferation)
occurs. W/O right match, T occurs. W/O right match, T cell activity is stoppedcell activity is stopped
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Mediators involved in Mediators involved in cellular immunitycellular immunity
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Lymphokines – Lymphokines – released by activated released by activated T cellsT cells
Monokines – secreted Monokines – secreted by MACsby MACs
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Interleukin 1 & 2 – IL 1 Interleukin 1 & 2 – IL 1 released by MACs tells released by MACs tells T cells to liberate IL 2, T cells to liberate IL 2, which encourages T which encourages T cells to divide more cells to divide more rapidly.rapidly.
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Tumor Necrosis Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) – Factor (TNF) – enhances nonspecific enhances nonspecific cell killingcell killing
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Perforin/lymphotoxin Perforin/lymphotoxin are cell toxins that T are cell toxins that T cells can release. cells can release. Lethal Hit.Lethal Hit.
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Gamma Interferon – Gamma Interferon – enhance killing power enhance killing power of MACsof MACs
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Regulatory cellsRegulatory cellsInteract with B cellsInteract with B cells
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Major function is to Major function is to chemically or directly chemically or directly stimulate proliferation of stimulate proliferation of other T cells and B cells other T cells and B cells that have already that have already become bound to antigenbecome bound to antigen
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W/O helper Ts, there W/O helper Ts, there is no immune is no immune response!!response!!
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Killer T cellsKiller T cellsThey can directly They can directly attack and kill other attack and kill other cellscells
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Main target is virus infected Main target is virus infected cells, also tissue cells that cells, also tissue cells that
have been infected, have been infected, parasites, cancer cells, parasites, cancer cells,
foreign cells introduced by foreign cells introduced by blood transfusions or organ blood transfusions or organ
transplantstransplants
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Help stop immune Help stop immune response after response after antigen has been antigen has been destroyeddestroyed
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Promote allergic Promote allergic reactionsreactions
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