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APA STYLE REVIEW
Adv Research Design & Analysis Lab
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WHAT TO DO? What do you do when you have two articles with the SAME
AUTHORS and published in the SAME YEAR?
Give a full APA citation for the two Amir, Foa, and Coles (1998) articles—write the citations in the correct reference section order
How to you cite these articles in-text? Provide an example of in-text citations at the end of these sentences (use a different article for each sentence—the sentences are in order) With longer stimulus durations, socially anxious individuals can
voluntarily suppress and avoid their initial negative interpretations.
The authors presented either a social or a nonsocial scenario, each followed by three interpretations: positive, negative, and neutral.
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ANSWERAmir, N., Foa, E.B., & Coles, M.E. (1998a).
Automatic activation and strategic avoidance of threat- relevant information in social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(2), 285-290. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.107.2.285
Amir, N. Foa, E.B., & Coles, M.E. (1998b). Negative interpretation bias in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 945-957. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00060-6
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ANSWER With longer stimulus durations, socially
anxious individuals can voluntarily suppress and avoid their initial negative interpretations (Amir, Foa, & Coles, 1998a).
The authors presented either a social or a nonsocial scenario, each followed by three interpretations: positive, negative, and neutral (Amir, Foa, & Coles, 1998b).
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WHAT TO DO? What is another way to write an in-text
citation? Cite the second sentence again, but not with an end-of-sentence parenthetical citation.
The authors presented either a social or a nonsocial scenario, each followed by three interpretations: positive, negative, and neutral
Hint: may have to change some of the words in the sentence
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ANSWER Amir, Foa, and Coles (1998b) presented
either a social or a nonsocial scenario, each followed by three interpretations: positive, negative, and neutral.
What KEY WORD is different between the parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence and the in-text citation?
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ANSWER & = end of sentence, in the parentheses
…interpretations (Amir, Foa, & Coles, 1998b).
and = when the citation is IN THE SENTENCEAmir, Foa, and Coles (1998b) presented…
How do you remember this? Don’t use symbols in your text! Use words only!
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WHAT TO DO? What if you paraphrase more than one
article in a single sentence?
Cite this sentence (hint: it paraphrases info from both articles)Socially anxious individuals can voluntarily
suppress and avoid their initial negative interpretations, even when presented with both positive and negative social scenarios.
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ANSWER Socially anxious individuals can
voluntarily suppress and avoid their initial negative interpretations, even when presented with both positive and negative social scenarios (Amir, Foa, & Coles, 1998a; Amir, Foa, & Coles, 1998b).
Semicolon between study authors!
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REFERENCE SECTION TIPS Remember, the reference section is
evenly double-spaced throughout has hanging indents Is in alphabetical order
Every in-text citation or reference to another article/study MUST have a corresponding, complete reference in the reference section If you’re referring to another study that the
original authors referenced, check up on that article and give a full citation (you may have to look it up yourself to find the doi)
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IN-TEXT CITATION TIPS If you feel like you’re saying “Amir, Foa, and
Coles (1998a)” too much, try mixing up your writing with “Amir and colleagues (1998a)”
If there are 6+ authors, even the first in-text citations should be “Amir et al. (2013)” or “Amir and colleagues (2013)”
You do not need to write authors’ first names in your writing
Any other questions?
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WHAT TO DO? What if I want to use a quotation from
one of these articles?
Form a sentence from this snippet from the Amir, Foa, and Coles (1998a) study:“examined whether these individuals would
show biases in automatic processing and strategic processing of threat-relevant information.”
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ANSWER Amir, Foa, and Coles (1998a) “examined
whether these individuals would show biases in automatic processing and strategic processing of threat-relevant information” (p. 285).
OR
The authors “examined whether these individuals would show biases in automatic processing and strategic processing of threat-relevant information” (Amir, Foa, & Coles, 1998a, p. 285).
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QUOTATIONS AND PERIODS Notice where the period is located:
Amir, Foa, and Coles (1998a) “examined whether these individuals would show biases in automatic processing and strategic processing of threat-relevant information” (p. 285).
If you have a parenthetical citation at the end of the quotation (which you always should!), then the period goes AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE.
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QUOTATIONS AND PERIODS Correct
Amir, Foa, and Coles (1998a) “examined whether these individuals would show biases in automatic processing and strategic processing of threat-relevant information” (p. 285).
Incorrect Amir, Foa, and Coles (1998a) “examined
whether these individuals would show biases in automatic processing and strategic processing of threat-relevant information.” (p. 285)
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WHAT IF THERE’S A COMMA?! Correct
Amir, Foa, and Coles (1998a) “examined whether these individuals would show biases in automatic processing and strategic processing of threat-relevant information” (p. 285), and so they conducted…
Incorrect Amir, Foa, and Coles (1998a) “examined
whether these individuals would show biases in automatic processing and strategic processing of threat-relevant information,” (p. 285) and so they conducted…
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SPEAKING OF COMMAS…
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COMMAS! Know the rules of grammar, commas,
and other punctuationDo not use contractions (you’re, don’t,
can’t, shouldn’t—they have no place in professional writing! )
Notice run-on sentences
Notice when to use a comma with the word ‘and’ (hint: separate with a comma when there are two independent clauses) Correct: “I went to the store with my friend, and
we had a great time.” Incorrect/run-on: “I went to the store with my
friend and we had a great time.”
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COMMAS AND SEMICOLONS! Use a comma when you want to connect two
independent clauses with coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet)
Use a semicolon when you want to connect two independent clauses without one of those conjunctions “I went to the store with my friend; we had a great
time.”
Use a semicolon when you want to connect two independent clauses with conjunctive adverbs (however, moreover, therefore, consequently, etc.) “I went to the store with my friend; moreover, we had a
great time.”
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APA STYLE All of this has to do with APA Style!
Look to APA manuals and apastyle.org for guidance on grammar, punctuation, and good writing
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http://www.apastyle.org/learn/index.aspx