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ADDRESSING THE SOIL COMPACTION PROBLEM
DICK WOLKOWSKIEXTENSION SOIL SCIENTISTUNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN
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SOIL COMPACTION DEFINED
Compression of the soil from an applied force that first re-arranges and then destroys aggregates increasing bulk density and reducing porosity
• Wheel traffic from field operations
• Tillage• Livestock
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Soil compacts when load-bearing strength of soil is less than load being applied.
Load
StrengthMoisture
Structure Texture
Tillage History
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“COMPACTABILITY” INFLUENCED BY WATER CONTENT
• Varies by soil• Maximum near field
capacity • Dry soil has more strength• Saturated soil not as
compactable
Proctor Test Results
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Db = 1.0 Db = 1.3 Db = 1.6
COMPACTION IS A PROCESS
• Large aggregates • Loose condition• Many large pores• Well aerated• Just after tillage
• Firm condition• Few large pores• Moderate aeration• Typical silt loam• Following normal
traffic
• Very tight, compact• No large pores• Small pores are
water-filled• Crushed aggregates
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WHY IS COMPACTION AN ISSUE
Larger equipment Time management Earlier field operations Uncontrolled
traffic Loss of forage in rotation Brain cramps Operations on wet soils
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Will more tires spread weight … or allow operations in wetter conditions and compact a greater soil volume ?
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WHICH IS WORSE – PRESSURE OR LOAD?
High PSI, but small load
THE GREATER THE LOAD THE DEEPER THE COMPACTION EFFECT
Low PSI, but large load
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TRACKS vs. TIRES
Compare total load per axle
Track have many axles
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There really are days you shouldn’t be in the field !
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Chasing the combineis an old habit
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CONTROL PHEASANTSCOMPACTION BYUNLOADING IN HEADLANDS
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MANAGING COMPACTION WITH CONTROLLED TRAFFIC FARMING
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CONTROLLED TRAFFIC FARMING CONCEPTS
• Recognizes random traffic-induced compaction is bad
• Adapts machinery and organizes operations to have trafficked and non-trafficked zones
• Creates permanent “wheelways”• Utilizes wide-span implements and GPS
guidance• Requires careful planning and
t
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CONTROLLED TRAFFIC FARMING
• Practiced extensively in Europe and Australia
• Modified 3 m width tractor
• GPS guidance• Preserves soil quality
between lanes• Why not?
– Variety of operations– Equipment cost– Field shape
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MOST OF THE COMPACTION OCCURS IN THE FIRST PASS
• Plano silt loam• Soil near field
capacity (34 – 38%)• 2007 NT w. wheat
2006 NT corn silage following alfalfa
• Chisel vs. None• No traffic or 1, 2, 4,
and 6 passes with a 14.5 ton combine
• 6 measurements per treatment
Arlington Evaluation
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EFFECT OF NUMBER OF WHEEL TRAFFIC PASSES ON SOIL COMPACTION
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Cone Index (MPa)
Dep
th (i
n)
No Traffic 1 Pass 2 Passes 4 Passes 6 Passes
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Cone Index (MPa)
No Traffic 1 Pass 2 Passes 4 Passes 6 Passes
Chisel Plowed Not Plowed
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WHEEL TRACK EFFECTS ON PENETRATION RESISTANCE
Chan et al., 2006
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Canola Wheat
Measurement WT Non-WT WT Non-WT
Bulk density (g/cc) 1.58 1.29 1.50 1.25
Air-filled pores (%) 7 19 9 23
Root density (g/m3 x 1000)
9.2 27.5 75 118
Biomass (Mg/ha) 4.7 11.8 12.0 12.6
Yield (Mg/ha) 1.1 3.2 5.5 5.3
Harvest index 22 27 43 44
TRAFFIC EFFECT ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND YIELD
Chan et al., 2006
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EXAMPLES OF CTF SYSTEMS
Chamen, 2005
20’60’20’
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ADAPTING CTF TO IRREGULAR AND SLOPED FIELDS
Chamen, 2005
Grassed buffer/ waterway
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COMMOM SYMPTOMS OF SOIL COMPACTION
SOIL:• Standing water• Excessive runoff• Structural degradation
(clods)• Difficult to work
PLANTS:• Stunting/uneven
growth• Nutrient deficiency
symptoms• Malformed roots• Reduced yield
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Pea harvest: Vegetable crop contracts often lead to soil abuse
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Utility construction projects
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“Cloddy” soil following corn silage harvest
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Cloddiness re-defined
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Stunted, uneven stand is often the first symptom
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The shovel is an excellentdiagnostic tool
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Northeast Wis.field day
GROWERS ARE INTERESTED IN COMPACTION MANAGEMENT
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Excavatedplow layer
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“Pancake”root mass
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QUANTIFYING COMPACTION• CROP AND SOIL SYMPTOMS
• PENETRATION RESISTANCE– Moisture
dependent– No absolute value– Note depth and
relative force– Compare good and
bad areas
• BULK DENSITY– Mass per volume– Calculate porosity– Texture dependent
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MEASURING PENETRATION RESISTANCE
Hand-held penetrometer
Soil probe
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CONSTANT-RATE RECORDING PENETROMETER
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Cone Index (MPa)
De
pth
(c
m)
Series1
Series2
Series3
Series4
Compaction/Subsoiling
No/NoNo/YesYes/NoYes/Yes
Response of a Plainfield sand to compaction and deep tillage, Hancock, Wis.
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EFFECT OF COMPACTION ON SOIL BULK DENSITY OF A PLANO SILT LOAM
Compacted in year 1 and seeded to alfalfa
DEPTH COMPACTION YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3
in ------------------- g/cc -------------------
0 – 6 NO 1.19 1.30 1.32
YES 1.36 1.40 1.40
6 - 12 NO 1.31 1.33 1.31
YES 1.59 1.50 1.52
12 - 18 NO 1.19 1.35 1.33
YES 1.45 1.44 1.33
18 - 24 NO 1.36 1.35 1.34
YES 1.40 1.34 1.33
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COMPACTION AFFECTSNUTRIENT UPTAKE
Potassium Affected Most• Compaction reduces porosity• Lowers soil oxygen• O2 needed for root respiration
and active uptake
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COMPACTION EFFECT ON CORN YIELD ON A SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL
Oshkosh, Wis.
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RESPONSE OF CORN TO ROW-APPLIED K ON A SILTY CLAY LOAM SOIL (3 yr. avg.)
Oshkosh, Wis. (45 lb K20/a)
SOIL TEST K
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IS COMPACTION A PROBLEM IN FORAGE PRODUCTION
• Compaction limits growth and yield• Potential high in forage production
• Fertilizer and lime applications• Liquid manure• Normal management = many traffic
passes• Harvest on wet soils
• K/compaction relationship• Alfalfa has a high K need
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Alfalfa winter-kill resulting fromwheel traffic
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EFFECT OF COMPACTION ON ALFALFA YIELD ON A SILT LOAM SOIL
0
1
2
3
4
5
1991 1992 1993 1994
YIEL
D (t
DM
/a) < 5 T
14 T
Arlington, Wis.
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K SOIL TEST AND ALFALFA YIELD ON A COMPACTED SOIL (sum of 3 yrs.)
Arlington, Wis.
SOIL TEST K
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DETERMINING THE NEED FOR SUBSOILING
• Evaluate depth and severity of compaction• Check with penetrometer, probe, shovel• Dig plants to examine roots• Leave untreated strips for comparison• Subsoiling is not a cure-all
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OTHER SUBSOILING CONSIDERATIONS
• Burial of crop residue• Destruction of natural channels• Sidewall smearing• May bring stones, clay, infertile soil to the
surface• Does not address compaction cause
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SOIL BULK DENSITY PROFILE, ARLINGTON, WIS., 1998
0.8 - 0.90.9 - 11 - 1.11.1 - 1.21.2 - 1.31.3 - 1.4
Not subsoiled
Subsoiled
Bulk Density (g/cc)
PLANO SILT LOAM
R R
RR
0
8
16
0
8
16
Depth (in)
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EFFECT OF TILLAGE AND K FERTILIZATION ON FIRST-YEAR CORN YIELD AFTER SOYBEAN (2 yr. avg.)
Arlington, Wis.
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WHICH TYPE OF SUBSOILER
“V-Ripper”- Leading disks- Parabolic shanks- Winged points
“Conservation”- Cutting coulters- Straight shanks- Horizontal points
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EFFECT OF SUBSOILER TYPE ON SOYBEAN AND CORN YIELD ON A SILTY
CLAY LOAM SOIL
Manitowoc, Wis.
Soybean Corn
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DON’T COUNT ON MOTHER NATURE TO CORRECT COMPACTION
WADSWORTH TRAIL, MINNESOTA
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
OUTSID
E RUTS
IN R
UTS
SOIL BULK DENSITY (g/cc)
10-12 in 8-10 in 6-8 in4-6 in 2-4 in 0-2 in
Sharratt et al., 1998
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Guidelines for managing compaction:1. Stay off wet soils
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Get the point ?
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Guidelines for managing compaction:2. Control traffic – Unload on field edge
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Guidelines for managing compaction:2. Control traffic – No shortcuts
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Guidelines for managing compaction:3. Limit load weight – Practical considerations
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Guidelines for managing compaction:3. Limit load weight – Avoid operations with heavy loads when possible
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OTHER KEYS FOR MANAGING SOIL COMPACTION
Evaluate and monitor crops and soil• Subsoil only if documented
compaction conditions exist• Use common sense• Address compaction issues• Factsheet A3367 currently being
revised