Download - Adaptation of Microbe
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
1/55
ADAPTATION OF MICROBE TO EXTREME ENVIRONMENT
Tri Rini Nuringtyas
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
2/55
Sensitive to DrasticChange in
Environment
temperature, pressure,drought, salinity, and pH
Extremeconditions
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
3/55
Microbial Adaptation
Role of adaptation in i!ro"ial
sur#i#al
Most i!roorganiss li#e in $ars$en#ironents
Mi!ro"es ust "e spe!ially adapted
to sur#i#e
Mi!ro"es ust adapt to !onstantly
#arying !onditions
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
4/55
Pro%aryoti! and eu%aryoti! i!roorganiss sour!es
t$e dis!o#ery of no#el "io!$ei!al pat$&ays and "ioole!ules
allo& i!ro"es to adapt to e'tree en#ironental !onditions(
Mi!roorganiss fro e'tree en#ironents de#elopent ofiportant industrial pro!esses and t$e dis!o#ery of $ealt$)prooting"io)ole!ules(
E'aples in!lude "io)!$ei!als used for detergent forulations* leat$er and paper pro!essing* "iofuels* "ioreediation* +V)"lo!%ing* and
ne& anti"ioti!s
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
5/55
Role of adaptation in microbialsurvival
Biodi#ersity $eld in "alan!e "y #arious
!$e!%s
Copetition Best)adapted
i!roorganiss $a#e ad#antageous traits
Antagonis One i!ro"e a!ti#ely
in$i"its t$e gro&t$ of anot$er
Cooperation One i!ro"e a%es
en#ironent fa#ora"le for ot$ers
h b i
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
6/55
hen bacteria encounter ane! challenge in theirenvironment E'aple , treatent &it$ an anti"ioti!
or a poor nutrient sour!e T$eir population fa!es sele!tion in
order to gro& "etter under t$e ne&!onditions(
Adaptation t$en !an "e in t$e for of
a!-uire an anti"ioti! resistan!e gene* or odify an e'isting en.ye to a%e
"etter use of a nutrient sour!e
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
7/55
Strategy for adaptation on microbe
Ad/ustent of a!roale!ular !oponentsof t$e !ell or "ody 0uids 1uantities 2!on!entration3
Ne& iso.ye added to syste to repla!e t$eone t$at not suita"le &it$ t$e ne& en#ironent
Ad/ustent in t$e in t$e i!ro)en#ironent
&it$in &$i!$ a!roole!ules fun!tion ,-uantitati#e and -ualitati#e Total osoti! regulation
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
8/55
Strategy for adaptation on microbe
Ad/ustent in t$e outputs ofa!roole!ular systes espe!iallyen.ye &it$out !$anges in t$e type and
aount of t$e en.yeDi4erent rate rea!tion eta"oli!
regulation so it &ill s$o&s , In!rease orde!rease en.ye a!ti#ity(
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
9/55
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
10/55
loss of function mutations
loss)of)fun!tion utations suggests t$at t$eyplay a a/or role in t$e early adaptation of"a!terial populations to ne& !$allenges
"y re&iring t$e !ell5s eta"olis
pro#ide su"stantial 6tness "ene6ts underany !$allenging !onditions*
"oss of function mutations occur at a
much higher fre#uency than gains ofspeci$c functionality due to the largermutational target area available(
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
11/55
%ormal environment
T$e &orld t$at &e are failiar &it$ is fullof o'ygen* ne#er too !old nor too $ot
ost of t$e #isi"le organiss li#e in a
relati#ely liited range of teperaturesfro 78C to 9:8C
and &e are prote!ted "y our
atosp$ere fro ost daagingradiation( T$is failiar &orld de6nes &$at &e
t$in% of as normal
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
12/55
Extreme environment
e'tree en#ironents are de6ned as$a"itats t$at e'perien!e steady or0u!tuating e'posure to one or ore
en#ironental fa!tors* su!$ as salinity*
osolarity*
desi!!ation*
+V radiation*
"aroetri! pressure*
p;* and teperature(
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
13/55
extremophiles
organiss t$at li#e at t$e edges of t$is&orld
or "eyond it are t$e e'treop$iles ost e'treop$iles are i!ro"es
t$ey ay li#e in pla!es t$at &e ig$tt$in% s$ould "e unin$a"ita"le*
Mi!ro"ial life "egan pro"a"ly a"out <"illion years ago in an e'tree!ondition
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
14/55
several physico&chemical extreme parametersand the name microbe that adapt on it'
(hermophiles ) ;ig$ teperature T$eral #ents and $ot springs
May go $and in $and &it$ !$ei!al
e'trees )sychrophiles ) =o& teperature
Ar!ti! and Antar!ti!
>?@ of Eart$5s surfa!e is o!eans "et&een >:
C 9:C
Deep sea >:C to 9:C
Most rely on p$otosynt$esis
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
15/55
(hermophiles
O"sidian Pool* ello&stone National
Par%;ydrot$eral Vents
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
16/55
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
17/55
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
18/55
)sychrophiles
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
19/55
C$ei!al E'trees Acidophiles ) A!idi!
Again t$eral #ents and soe $ot springs
Al*aliphiles ) Al%aline oda la%es in Afri!a and &estern +((
Halophiles ) ;ig$ly alty Natural salt la%es and anade pools
oeties o!!urs &it$ e'tree al%alinity
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
20/55
Acidophiles
p; :)> of &atersat Iron Mountain
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
21/55
Al*aliphile
e(g( Mono =a%eal%aline soda la%e* p; salinity G
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
22/55
Halophiles
solar salterns
O&ens =a%e*Hreat alt =a%e!oastal splas$ .onesDead ea
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
23/55
ur#i#al Teperature e'trees
E#ery part of i!ro"e ust fun!tion ate'tree Toug$J en.yes for T$erop$iles
EK!ientJ en.yes for Psy!$rop$iles Many en.yes fro t$ese i!ro"es are
interesting
=ife at ;ig$ Teperatures* T$oas M( Bro!%
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
24/55
ur#i#al C$ei!al e'trees
Interior of !ell is noralJ
E'terior prote!ts t$e !ell
A!idop$iles and Al%alip$iles soeties e'!reteprote!ti#e su"stan!es and en.yes
A!idop$iles often la!% !ell &all
oe oderate $alop$iles $a#e $ig$ !on!entrationsof a solute inside to a#oid pi!%lingJ
oe en.yes fro t$ese i!ro"es areinteresting
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
25/55
E'treop$iles got t$ere6rst
Nature $as already gi#en us t$esolutions to t$ese pro"les E'treop$iles $a#e t$e en.yes t$at &or%
in e'tree !onditions
Endolit$i! algae fro Antar!ti!aL ;ot springs in ello&stone National Par%* > Reston Couni!ations* &&&(reston(!o?astro?e'tree($tl
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
26/55
T$erop$iles
Most interesting pra!ti!al appli!ationsso far Many industrial pro!esses in#ol#e $ig$
$eat
97:
C 2>>
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
27/55
Hsp+s ' Heat shoc*protein T$e $eat)s$o!% response in#ol#es t$e
indu!tion of any proteins ) !alled $eat)s$o!% proteins* ) in response to ele#ation
of teperature
T$e "a!terial $eat)s$o!% response is not
liited to !$anges in teperature
H + H h *
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
28/55
Hsp+s ' Heat shoc*protein a general stress response* as any of
t$e $eat)s$o!% proteins are indu!ed "yot$er en#ironental !$anges* su!$ as
t$e addition of et$anol* $ea#y etals*$ig$ osolarity* pollutants* star#ation orintera!tion &it$ eu%aryoti! $osts
T$e $eat)s$o!% proteins in!lude!$aperones and proteases t$at arepresua"ly essential for o#er!oing!$anges t$at in#ol#e protein
denaturation
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
29/55
)CR Polyerase C$ain Rea!tion
Allo&s apli6!ation of sall saple ofDNA using $ig$ teperature pro!ess
Te!$ni-ue is a"out >: years old DNA 6ngerprints ) saples fro !ries!ene
Heneti! !reening ) s&a" fro t$e out$
Medi!al Diagnosis ) a fe& #irus parti!lesfro "lood T$erus a-uati!us or Taq
=ife at ;ig$ Teperatures* T$oas M( Bro!%
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
30/55
Psy!$rop$iles
EK!ient en.yes to &or% in t$e !old En.yes to &or% on foods t$at need to
"e refrigerated
Perfues ) ost don5t tolerate $ig$teperatures
Cold)&as$ detergents
Algal ats on an Antar!ti! la%e "otto* > Reston Couni!ations* &&&(reston(!o?astro?e'tree($tl
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
31/55
A!idop$iles
En.yes used to in!reaseeK!ien!y of anial feeds en.yes $elp anials
e'tra!t nutrients fro feed ore eK!ient and lesse'pensi#e
=ife at ;ig$ Teperatures* T$oas M( Bro!%
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
32/55
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
33/55
;alop$iles
$at is a $alop$ile
Di#ersity of ;alop$ili! Organiss
Osoregulation
Copati"le oluteJ trategy
alt)inJ trategy
Interesting Fa!ts and Appli!ations
$at is a $alop$ile
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
34/55
$at is a $alop$ile
T$e &ord $alop$ile eans salt lo#ingJ(
A $alop$ile is an organis t$at !angro& in $ig$er salt !on!entrations t$an
t$e nor( Based on optial saline en#ironents
$alop$ili! organiss !an "e grouped
into t$ree !ategories, e'tree$alop$iles* oderate $alop$iles* andslig$tly $alop$ili! or $alotolerantorganiss(
oe e'tree $alop$iles !an li#e in
Di it f ; l $ili
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
35/55
Di#ersity of ;alop$ili!Organiss ;alop$iles are a "road group t$at !an "e
found in all t$ree doains of life(
T$ey are found in salt ars$es*
su"terranean salt deposits* dry soils*salted eats* $ypersaline seas* and salte#aporation pools(
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
36/55
+nusual ;a"itats
T$e "a!teriu pseudomonas &as foundli#ing on a desert plant in t$e Nege#Desert( T$e plant se!retes salt t$roug$
salt glands on its lea#es( Bacillus &as found in t$e nasal !a#ities
of desert iguanas( T$ese iguanas $a#esalt glands in t$eir nasal !a#ities t$atse!rete Cl "rine during osoti! stress(
O l ti
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
37/55
Osoregulation
=i#ing in $ig$ salinity poses a seriousstress t$at $alop$iles $a#e o#er!oet$roug$ special processes oradaptations-
T$e stress lies in t$e i!ro"es a"ilityto aintain an internal osmoticpotential that e#uals their
external environment- Ososis is t$e pro!ess in &$i!$ &ater
o#es fro an area of $ig$!on!entration to an area of lo&!on!entration(
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
38/55
Osoregulation
In order for !ells to aintain t$eir&ater t$ey ust $a#e an osoti!potential e-ual to t$eir e'ternalen#ironent(
As salinity in!reases in t$een#ironent its osoti! potentialde!reases(
If you pla!ed a non $alop$ili! i!ro"ein a solution &it$ a $ig$ aount ofdissol#ed salts t$e !ell5s &ater &ill
o#e into t$e solution !ausing t$e !ell
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
39/55
Osoregulation
;alop$iles $a#e adapted to life at $ig$salinity in any di4erent &ays(
One &ay is t$roug$ t$e odi6!ation of
t$eir e'ternal !ell &alls( T$ey tend to $a#e negati#ely !$arged
proteins on t$e outside of t$eir !ell&alls t$at sta"ili.e it "y "inding topositi#ely !$arged sodiu ions in t$eire'ternal en#ironents( If salt!on!entrations de!line t$eir !ell &allsay "e!oe unsta"le and "rea%
do&n(
Copati"le oluteJ
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
40/55
Copati"le oluteJtrategy T$ere are t&o strategies t$at $alop$iles
$a#e e#ol#ed to deal &it$ $ig$ salten#ironents(
In t$e compatible soluteJ strategy !ellsaintain lo& !on!entrations of salt int$eir !ytoplas "y "alan!ing osoti!potential &it$ organi!* !opati"le solutes(
T$ey do t$is "y t$e synt$esis or upta%e of!opati"le solutes(
Copati"le oluteJ
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
41/55
Copati"le olutetrategy
Copati"le solutes in!lude polyolssu!$ as glycerol, sugars and theirderivatives* amino acids and their
derivatives*
Energeti!ally t$is is an expensive
process(
Autotrop$s use "et&een
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
42/55
Copati"le olutetrategy Energy is also e'pended in pumping
out salts t$at dissol#e into t$e !ell(
T$e upta*e of available compatible
solutes in t$e en#ironent is anadaptation t$ey $a#e e#ol#ed to redu!et$e energy !ost of li#ing in $ig$ salt!on!entrations(
.S l i / S
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
43/55
.Saltin/ Strategy
Cells !an $a#e internalconcentrations that areosmotically e#uivalent to t$eir
e'ternal en#ironent( T$is salt)inJ strategy is priarily used
"y aerobic* e'treely $alop$ili!
ar!$aea and anaero"i! "a!teria( T$ey aintain osoti!ally e-ui#alent
internal !on!entrations "yaccumulating high concentrations
of potassium chloride(
l i J
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
44/55
alt)inJ trategy
Potassiu ions enter t$e !ell passi#ely#ia a uniport system( odiu ionsare puped out( C$loride enters t$e
!ell against t$e e"rane potential#ia !otransport &it$ sodiu ions(
For e#ery three molecules ofpotassium chloride accumulated,t!o A() are $ydroly.ed a%ing t$isstrategy ore energy eK!ient t$an
t$e !opati"le soluteJ strategy(
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
45/55
alt)inJ trategy
To use t$is strategy all en0ymes andstructural cell components must beadapted to $ig$ salt !on!entrations to
ensure proper !ell fun!tion(
; l " i l f
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
46/55
;alo"a!teriu, an e'aple of an e'tree$alop$ile
;alo"a!teriu are e"ers of t$e$alop$ile group in t$e doain ar!$aea( T$ey are &idely resear!$ed for t$eir
e'tree $alop$ilis and uni-uestru!ture(
T$ey re-uire salt !on!entrations"et&een >7G to
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
47/55
;alo"a!teriu
T$ey ay also $a#e $alor$odopsin t$atpups !$loride into t$e !ell instead ofpuping protons out(
T$e Red ea &as naed after$alo"a!teriu t$at turns t$e &ater redduring assi#e "loos(
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
48/55
Appli!ations
Current appli!ations using $alop$ilesin!lude, t$e e'tra!tion of !arotene fro !arotene
ri!$ $alo"a!teria and $alop$ili! algae t$at!an t$en "e used as food additi#es or asfood)!oloring agents(
t$e use of $alop$ili! organiss in t$e
ferentation of soy sau!e and T$ai 6s$sau!e(
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
49/55
Appli!ations
Many possi"le appli!ations using$alop$iles are "eing e'plored su!$ as, in!reasing !rude oil e'tra!tion
geneti!ally engineering $alop$ili! en.yeen!oding DNA into !rops to allo& for salttoleran!e
treatent of &aste &ater
l i
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
50/55
Con!lusions
;alop$iles are salt tolerant organiss( T$ey are &idespread and found in all
t$ree doains(
T$e salt)inJ strategy uses less energy"ut re-uires intra!ellular adaptations(Only a fe& pro%aryotes use it(
All ot$er $alop$iles use t$e
!opati"le soluteJ strategy t$at isenergy e'pensi#e "ut does not re-uirespe!ial adaptations(
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
51/55
)oly )
Polyp$osp$ates 2polyP3* linear polyers of tens or$undreds of ort$op$osp$ate 2Pi3 residues lin%ed "y
$ig$)energy p$osp$oan$ydride "onds*
asso!iated &it$ t$e !apa!ity of i!ro"es to resist "ot$p$ysi!al and !$ei!al stresses
polyP granules or "odies
6rst e'aples of e"rane)"ound organelles &it$iportant fun!tional roles found in "ot$ pro%aryoti! andeu%aryoti! %ingdos(
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
52/55
Cellular polyP $a#e "een proposed toser#e as reser#oirs for p$osp$ate and as!$elators of etal ions and in gene
regulation
polyP $a#e also "een lin%ed to a #arietyof i!ro"ial p$ysiologi!al pro!esses*in!luding otility* "io6l de#elopent*-uoru sensing* and #irulen!e
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
53/55
Heneti! prospe!ting
$at is it T$in% of a $unt for t$e geneti! gold
Pr( Patri!% Forterre* E'treop$iles =a"oratory of IHM at Orsay* Fran!e $ttp,??&&&)ar!$"a!(u)psud(fr?
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
54/55
+ses of E'treop$iles
t$e de#elopent of iportant industrialpro!esses and t$e dis!o#ery of $ealt$)prooting "ioole!ules( E'aples ,
"io!$ei!als used for detergentforulations*
leat$er and paper pro!essing*
"iofuels*
"ioreediation* +V)"lo!%ing* and
ne& anti"ioti!s
-
8/16/2019 Adaptation of Microbe
55/55
+ses of E'treop$iles
1ioremediation
+ses organiss to !lean up to'i!*
$a.ardous* or re!al!itrant !opounds "y
degrading t$e to $arless !opounds
Most %no&n appli!ation is use of "a!teria to
!lean oil spills