Download - Activity 3. Cnidarians
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Cnidaria (Grknide, nettle + L. aria; like orconnected with
With more than 9,000 species Cnidocytes = which contain stinging
organelles (cnidae)
Cnidae come in several types includingthe common nematocysts
Nematocysts are used only bycnidarians
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Phylum Coelenterata
Gr. koilos, hollow, + enteron, gut + L. ata,
characterized by
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BODY PLANS: Have two body forms MEDUSA & POLYPS
Have Radial Symmetry
Known for Cnidocytes contain stinging cells such as nematocyst
REPRODUCTION: Reproduce Sexually & Asexually
Free-swimming larva - planula
CNIDARIAN CLASSES:
o Anthozoa sea anemones and corals (polyps; no medusa stage)
o Hydrozoa fire corals, Portuguese man-of-war, hydras
o Scyphozoa jellyfish medusa form is dominant but may begin as polyp
o Cubozoa
box jellyfish & sea wasp
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Entirely aquatic (mostly marine)
With oral and aboral ends
Radial symmetry or biradial symmetryaround a longitudinal axis Radial symmetry = body parts are arranged
concentrically around an oral-aboral axis
Biradial symmetry = is basically a type of radialsymmetry in which only two plane through theoral-aboral axis divide the animal into mirrorimages
No definite head
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Exoskeleton or endoskeletonchitinous,calcareous, or protein components in
some Body with 3 layers: epidermis and
gastrodermis , mesoglea (acellular)
Gastrovascular cavity orcoelenteron(often branched or dividedwith septa) = with a single opening thatserves as mouth and anus
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Extensive tentacles usually encircling themouth or oral region
Special stinging-cell organelles calledcnidae, in particular nematocyst, ineither epidermis or gastrodermis or inboth
Monoecious and dioecious
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Two basic forms:
Polyps
Or hydroid form
Adapted to asedentary or sessile
life
Medusae
Or jellyfish form
Adapted for afloating or free-swimming existence
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Polyps
Have tubular bodies
Mouth surrounded by tentacles (defines theoral end)
Mouth leads into a blind gut orgastrovascular cavity
Aboral end is usually attached toasubstratum by a pedal disc or other device
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Reproduceasexually by:
Budding
Fission Pedal laceration
Zooids
buds that remains attached to the polyp:gastrozooids (for feeding)dactylozooids (for defense)gonozooids (for making sexually reproducing stages)
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Usually free-swimming
Have bell-shaped or
umbrella-shaped bodies Tetramerous symmetry (body parts
arranged in fours)
Mouth is usually centered on theconcave side
Tentacles extend from the rim of theumbrella
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Jellylike layer of mesoglia is thickerconsisting the bulk of the animal and
making it more buoyant
medusae arecommonly called jellyfishes
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Algae frequently live as mutuals intissues of cnidarians, notably in some
freshwater hydras and reef-buildingcorals.
The presence of algae in reef-buildingcorals limits the occurrence of coral reefsto relatively shallow, clear water wheresunlight is sufficient for photosyntheticrequirements of the algae
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Hydras as food for mollusc and flatworms
Live as commensals on shells and other
surface of host (sea anemones andcertain hydroids)
Economic value of reef
Reef provide substantial amounts of food forhuman (fish and other animals associatedwith reefs
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Includes:branching, plantlike hydroids
Flowerlike sea anemones Architects of the ocean floor- gorgonian
corals (sea whips, sea fans, etc)
Stony coralswhose thousand of years ofcalcareous housebuilding great reefs
and coral islands.
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Class Hydrozoa Hydra
Obelia
Goneonemus
Class Scyphozoa Jellyfishes
Class Anthozoa Sea anemone
Stony corals
Class Cubozoa
The basis of classification is the adult forms whether polyp or medusa.
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Fresh water members of this class livesingly, but the marine forms live singly or
form polymorphic colony. Though only polyp or medusa is found
but sometimes both polyp or medusamay be found in the same animal.
Gastrovascular cavity is directlyconnected with mouth.
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Alternation of generation is found in thelife cycle.
Ciliated planula larva is found. No stomodeum, velum present in
medusa.
Radial canals in medusa are notbranched.
Gametes develop from ectoderm.
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Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa OrderHydroida
SuborderHydrida
Family Hydridae Genus Hydra
Species: Hydra vulgaris
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu
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Kingdom Animalia (animals) Eumetazoa (metazoans)
Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)
Class Hydrozoa (hydralike animals,hydroids, and hydrozoans)
OrderHydroida (medusae)
SuborderHydrida
Family Hydridae Genus Hydra
Species Hydra utahensis
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Animalia.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Eumetazoa.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Cnidaria.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Hydrozoa.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Hydroida.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Hydrida.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Hydridae.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Hydra.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Hydra.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Hydridae.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Hydrida.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Hydroida.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Hydroida.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Hydrozoa.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Hydrozoa.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Cnidaria.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Cnidaria.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Eumetazoa.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Eumetazoa.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Animalia.htmlhttp://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Animalia.html -
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Class Hydrozoa Order Hydroida
Suborder Anthomedusae
Freshwater species
Hydranths lack achitinous covering
With no medusa stage
Length up to 25-30 mm
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ZOOIDSMostly HYDRANTHS(Gastrozooids
feeding polyp
STALK
BASE (basal disc
or pedal)
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http://www.geochembio.com/biology/organisms/hydra/
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Class Hydrozoa
Order Hydroida
Suborder Leptomedusae
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Dioecious
Gametes are fertilized in the water and thezygote develops into a planula larva whichsettles into substrate and metamorphose intocolony
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Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Phylum: Cnidaria Subphylum: Medusozoa
Class: Hydrozoa
Subclass: Leptolinae Order: Leptomedusae
Suborder: Proboscidoidea Family: Campanulariidae
Genus: ObeliaPeron and Lesueur, 1810
Species: Obelia dichotoma
Obelia geniculata Obelia longissima
Obelia bidentata
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumetazoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medusozoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrozoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptolinaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptomedusaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proboscidoidea&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanulariidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanulariidaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proboscidoidea&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptomedusaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptolinaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrozoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medusozoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumetazoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal -
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The medusa of Gonionemus. hydrozoa
http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/gonionemus.html
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Anthozoans include
corals, sea anemones,sea pens, and seapansies.
These animals are eithersolitary or colonialpolyps that liveattached to a substrate(surface).
Of the 6,000 knownanthozoan species,corals comprise about
2,500 species.
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Sea anemones and corals have polypsand no medusae
Corals are colonial and secrete calciumcarbonate skeletons. Coral reefs are theaccumulation of these skeletons.
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The Class Anthozoa is further divided into three subclasses:Octocorallia, Zoantharia, and Tabulata (extinct colonialcorals).
Subclass Octocorallia. Polyps are characterized byhaving eightpinnate (side- branching) tentacles.Octocorallians include gorgonian corals, sea pens, seapansies, organ- pipe corals, and soft corals (orderAlcyonacea). Most are colonial.
Subclass Zoantharia. Polyps are characterized by havingtentacles in multiples of six. Zoantharian tentacles arerarely pinnate. Black corals and reef-building corals (orderScleractinia) are members of this subclass. Reef-buildingcorals are also known as "hard corals" or "stony corals".Zoantharians may be either solitary or colonial.
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Classification:
Kingdom Animalia (animals)Phylum Coelenterata (corals, jellyfish, sea anemoneshydroids)
Class Anthozoa meaning "flower-like animals"(corals and sea anemones)
Order Actiniaria.
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Diadumene dia
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The sea anemone is considered to be the flower
of the sea. Sea anemones look like plants, but
they are really meat-eating animals.
Sea anemones come in different sizes and many
different colors.The sea anemone can attach
itself to rocks or coral. In the center of the seaanemone is their mouth. In order for the sea
anemone to eat, they must wait for their food to
swim by. Then they sting it with their tentacles,
and then push it into their mouth.
Sea anemones spend most of their lives in one
place. They can attach themselves to rocks.
Some even bury themselves in the mud.
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Class AnthozoaSubclass Zoantharia (Hexacorallia)
OrderScleractiniaGenus Meandrina (Brain coral)
Genus Astrangia (Eyed coral)Genus Fungia (Mushroom coral)Genus Acropora (Staghorn, elkhorn, Antler coral)Genus Porites (reef coral)Genus Oculina
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This Class contains the largerjellyfishes,with some reaching two metres acrossthe bell and with tentacles 30 metres
long.
They are mainly marine and free floating,
though they can "swim" by pulsations ofthe bell. In this Class the polyp stage iseither reduced or absent. There arearound 215 species.
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Class Scyphozoa
Order Semaeostomeae
http://www.discoverlife.org/nh/tx/Cnidaria/Jellyfish/
Aurelia(Desor, 1848) Sea nettle
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/AnimalDiversity/Lab4%20Porifera%20and%20Cnidaria.htm
http://www.discoverlife.org/nh/tx/Cnidaria/Jellyfish/http://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Aureliahttp://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/AnimalDiversity/Lab4%20Porifera%20and%20Cnidaria.htmhttp://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/AnimalDiversity/Lab4%20Porifera%20and%20Cnidaria.htmhttp://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/AnimalDiversity/Lab4%20Porifera%20and%20Cnidaria.htmhttp://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/AnimalDiversity/Lab4%20Porifera%20and%20Cnidaria.htmhttp://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Aureliahttp://www.discoverlife.org/nh/tx/Cnidaria/Jellyfish/ -
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Aurelia sp. is a typicalexample
The lappets come in pairs,and between them is a senseorgan called a rhopaliumcontaining a statocysts togive the animal information
on its equilibrium andorientation, sensory pits, and,in some species, ocelli (simpleeyes).
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/AnimalDiversity/Lab4%20Porifera%20and%20Cnidaria.htm
Aureliarhopallium,a multifunction sensory organ
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/AnimalDiversity/Lab4%20Porifera%20and%20Cnidaria.htmhttp://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/AnimalDiversity/Lab4%20Porifera%20and%20Cnidaria.htmhttp://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/AnimalDiversity/Lab4%20Porifera%20and%20Cnidaria.htmhttp://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/AnimalDiversity/Lab4%20Porifera%20and%20Cnidaria.htm -
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The oral arms captureprey.
The tentacles are armedwith nematocysts (seeillustration on the right), asis the entire body surface.
Aurelia sp. has relativelyshort tentacles, and feedson plankton. The planktonis passed to the mouth bycilia.
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/AnimalDiversity/Lab4%20Porifera%20and%20Cnidaria.htm
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/AnimalDiversity/Lab4%20Porifera%20and%20Cnidaria.htmhttp://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/AnimalDiversity/Lab4%20Porifera%20and%20Cnidaria.htmhttp://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/AnimalDiversity/Lab4%20Porifera%20and%20Cnidaria.htmhttp://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/AnimalDiversity/Lab4%20Porifera%20and%20Cnidaria.htm -
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Aurelia, early strobila stageAurelia, late strobila stage
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/AnimalDiversity/Lab4%20Porifera%20and%20Cnidaria.htm
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http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/AnimalDiversity/Lab4%20Porifera%20and%20Cnidaria.htm
Aurelia, ephyra stage (young medusa
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Sea Nettle scientific classification:Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: CnidariaClass: Scyphozoa
Order: SemaeostomeaeFamily: PelagiidaeGenus: ChrysaoraSpecies: Chrysaora fuscescens
Pacific Sea Nettle (Chrysaora fuscescens), Montery BayAquarium
Dec 2009, Photo by Mark Leavitt
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The cubozoan body is shaped like a square bell, with themouth suspended inside it on a tube (the manubrium) thatleads upward to the stomach, which is inside the top part
of the bell. Extending around the inside bottom of the bellis a ring of tissue called the velarium, and at the bottomcorners of the bell are muscular fleshy pads (pedalia), withone or more tentacles connected to each pedalium. Foursensory structures called rhopalia are located near thecenter of each of the four sides of the bell. Box jellyfishhave eyes that are surprisingly complex, including regionswith lenses, corneas, and retinas; however, box jellyfish donot have a brain, so how the images are interpretedremains unknown. Like all cnidarians, box jellyfish possessstinging cells that can fire a barb and transfer venom(Waggoner and Collins 2000).
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Cubozoans are agile and active swimmers, unlike themore planktonic jellyfish. They have been commonlyobserved to swim a meter in just five to ten seconds,and there are unconfirmed reports of largespecimens of Chironex fleckeri swimming as fast astwo meters in one second (Waggoner and Collins2000). The high speeds are achieved through a kindof squirting action in which the medusa contractswhile the velarium at the bottom contracts evenmore, producing a constricted opening through
which the water is forcefully expelled.
Box jellies can be found in many tropical areas,including nearAustralia, the Philippines, Hawaii,and Vietnam.
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Australiahttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Philippineshttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Hawaiihttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Vietnamhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Australiahttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Philippineshttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Hawaiihttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Vietnamhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Vietnamhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Hawaiihttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Philippineshttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Australia -
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Kingdom:AnimaliaPhylum:CnidariaClass:CubozoaWerner,1975Order:CubomedusaeHaeckel 1877
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Animalhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Cnidariahttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ernst_Haeckelhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ernst_Haeckelhttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Cnidariahttp://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Animal