Active Ageing: from Individualistic Withdrawal to Social Generativity
4th International SHARE User Conference November 28-29, 2013, HEC Business School,
Liège, Belgium
Lucia Boccacin Donatella Bramanti
CENTRO DI ATENEO STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA FAMIGLIA – Family Studies and Research University Centre – Milan - Italy
ACTIVE AGEING CONCEPT
Active ageing: • longer period of activity • process of optimizing opportunities: health,
participation and security • emphasizing the relationships between members of
different generations in family • participation in different aspects of social life:
involvement in volunteering and in socio-political organizations
• personal satisfaction
CENTRO DI ATENEO STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA FAMIGLIA – Family Studies and Research University Centre – Milan - Italy
Young elderly 65-74 identikit data SHARE
retired 86,9
CENTRO DI ATENEO STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA FAMIGLIA – Family Studies and Research University Centre – Milan - Italy
Female 54,3
Male 45,7
65 - 69 53,7
70 - 74 46,3
With children 91.6%
With grandchildren 81%
TOT. 16.112 16 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Status Index
LOW 15,3
MEDIUM 57,9
HIGH 26,8
Health Index
LOW 29,9
MEDIUM 29,3
HIGH 40,8
HEALTH INDEX PH003_HealthGen2 PH004_LStlll PH005_LimAct HC002_STtoDoctor CF001_SRRead CF002_SRWrite NCF004_DateMonth NCF005_DateYear NCF012_NumDis CF103_Memory MH007_TroubleSleeping MH011_Appetite NHC13_TimiHos HC029_InNursingHome MH004_FeltWouldRatherBeDead MH013_Fatigue MH014_ConcEnter MH018_DepressionEver
Variables and indicators from SHARE data to identify ACTIVE AGEING
data SHARE
RESOURCES CULTURAL RESOURCES MATERIAL RESOURCES PSYCO-PHYSICAL RESOURCES RELATIONAL RESOURCES
WELL-BEING GOALS PROPENSITY TO DO SPORTS/PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES OVERALL SATISFACTION SATISFACTION OVER ONE’S NETWORK PERCEPTION OF ONE’S USEFULNESS SOCIAL CAPITAL
VALUES ORIENTATIONS WITH REGARD TO THE FUTURE RELIGIOUS PRACTICE LIFE EXPECTATIONS
NORMS AND EXCHANGES FINANCIAL TRANSFERS (giving and receiving) SOCIAL SUPPORT (giving and receiving) PRO-SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT SOCIO-POLITICAL -PARTICIPATION
STATUS INDEX DN010_HighestEdu DN021_HighestEduPart EP005_CurrentJobSit EP048_IntroPastJob
ACTIVE AGEING
CENTRO DI ATENEO STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA FAMIGLIA – Family Studies and Research University Centre – Milan - Italy
RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS
data SHARE
RESEARCH QUESTIONS : Only one way for living active ageing? Which are the areas of commitment? HYPOTHESIS: 1.There are different ways of experiencing, embodying and giving meaning to active ageing 2. Family and society commitment can be lived in
different ways: competitive/ambivalent way or recomposed way
CENTRO DI ATENEO STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA FAMIGLIA – Family Studies and Research University Centre – Milan - Italy
Data Analysis
data SHARE
• 65-74 years old - European population
• SHARE’s wave 4 and previous waves
Analysis:
• Indicators and Indexes
• Cluster analysis and constrained cluster analysis with 31 variables (with SPAD software)
• Binomial logistic regression (Maximum Likelihood Estimation method)
CENTRO DI ATENEO STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA FAMIGLIA – Family Studies and Research University Centre – Milan - Italy
31 Variables considered for clusters - data SHARE
CENTRO DI ATENEO STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA FAMIGLIA – Family Studies and Research University Centre – Milan - Italy
1.Sex (gender male or female ) ( 2 CATEGORIES )
2. br016_ activities requiring a moderate level of energy
( 4 CATEGORIES )
3. ac014_ age prevents from doing things ( 5 CATEGORIES )
4. ac016_ feel left out of things ( 5 CATEGORIES )
5. ac018_ family responsibilities prevent ( 5 CATEGORIES )
6. ac019_ shortage of money stops ( 5 CATEGORIES )
7. ac021_ life has meaning ( 4 CATEGORIES )
8. ac023_ feel full of energy ( 4 CATEGORIES )
9. ac024_ feel full of opportunities ( 4 CATEGORIES )
10. ac025_ future looks good ( 4 CATEGORIES )
11. ex109_ use World Wide Web ( 3 CATEGORIES )
12. tip Typology ( 5 CATEGORIES )
13. iasr Ind Social Support (sp002_ received help from others)
( 4 CATEGORIES )
14. rac12 Satisfaction (ac012_ how satisfied with life)
( 4 CATEGORIES )
15. dn014_ marital status ( 6 CATEGORIES )
16. ex009_ life expectancy ( 4 CATEGORIES )
17. ex029_ Frequency of praying) ( 5 CATEGORIES )
18. ex026_ trust in other people ( 4 CATEGORIES )
19. Ist Index of status ( 4 CATEGORIES )
20. sp003_ who gave you help: partner ( 2 CATEGORIES )
21. sp003_ who gave you help: mother/father/mother or father-in-law
( 2 CATEGORIES )
22. sp003_ who gave you help: other relative ( 2 CATEGORIES )
23. sp003_ who gave you help: … ( 2 CATEGORIES )
24. isal3 Index of health ( 4 CATEGORIES )
25. br015_sports or activities that are vigorous
( 4 CATEGORIES )
26. ac017_do the things you want to do ( 4 CATEGORIES )
27. iar Financial transfers ( 2 CATEGORIES )
28. ch001_ number of children ( 3 CATEGORIES )
29. ch021_ number of grandchildren ( 3 CATEGORIES )
30. Età ( 2 CATEGORIES )
31. sp003_ who gave you help ( 2 CATEGORIES )
CENTRO DI ATENEO STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA FAMIGLIA – Family Studies and Research University Centre – Milan - Italy
Clusters Analysis data SHARE
37.87 OPTIMISTIC/RELATIONAL
% CAT/GRP
Categories of variables
72,27 ac025_ future looks good – OFTEN
77,05 ac023_ feel full of energy – OFTEN
75,23 ac024_ feel full of opportunities – OFTEN
79,04 ac017_do the things you want to do – OFTEN
92,76 ac021_ life has meaning - OFTEN
86,25 ac012_ how satisfied with life – HIGH
67,38 Index of health – HIGH
60,68 br015_sports or activities that are vigorous – OFTEN
63,40 ex009_life expectancy – HIGH
39,47 Index of status - HIGH
32,21 Index of family support HIGH
24,62 ex109_ use World Wide Web - OFTEN
64,55 ac018_ family responsibilities prevent - NEVER
33,34 ex026_ trust in other people - HIGH
38,15 UNCERTAIN
% CAT/GRP
Categories of variables
65,07 ac023_ feel full of energy – SOMETIMES
62,55 ac025_ future looks good – SOMETIMES
60,52 ac024_ feel full of opportunities – SOMETIMES
48,28 ac017_do the things you want to do – SOMETIMES
54,32 ac014_ age prevents from doing things – SOMETIMES
34,91 ac021_ life has meaning - SOMETIMES
34,36 Ex009_life expectancy – MEDIUM
40.56 Index of health – MEDIUM
78,27 sp002_ received help from others – NONE
98,06 sp003_ who gave you help: partner – NONE
38,91 No social and family support
60,50 Index of status – MEDIUM
72,28 Married (dn014)
45,01 ex109_ use World Wide Web - NEVER
21,96 DISCOURAGED
% CAT/GRP
Categories of variables
71,65 ac023_ feel full of energy – NEVER
77,28 ac025_ future looks good – NEVER
73,06 ac024_ feel full of opportunities – NEVER
70,30 Index of health – LOW
46,30 ex009_life expectancy – LOW
50,17 ac014_ age prevents from doing things – OFTEN
33,38 ac021_ life has meaning - NEVER
50,08 ac017_do the things you want to do – NEVER
46,04 ac014_ shortage of money stops – OFTEN
32,70 br016_ activities requiring a moderate level of energy - NEVER
34,82 ex009_life expectancy – LOW
24,31 sp002_ received help from others – HIGH
46,04 No social and family support
11,16 ac018_ family responsibilities prevent - OFTEN
64,53 Female
54,35 70-74
Individualistic Withdrawal data SHARE
34,76
PERCENTAGES CAT/GRP Categories of variables
54,63 NEVER ex109_ use World Wide Web
93,97 NEVER (ft) Receives Financial transfer
20,44 HARDLY EVER - NEVER br016_ activities requiring a moderate level of energy -
55,92 HARDLY EVER - NEVER br015_sports or activities that are vigorous
30,12 RARELY - NEVER ac023_ feel full of energy
33,64 RARELY - NEVER ac024_ feel full of opportunities
37,10 LOW Health Index
27,35 RARELY - NEVER ac017_do the things you want to do
43,69 NEVER ex029_ Frequency of praying
14,25 RARELY - NEVER ac021_ life has meaning
34,30 RARELY - NEVER ac025_ future looks good
19,55 LOW Status Index
18,34 LOW ex009_life expectancy
18,64 LOW ac012_ how satisfied with life
26,50 LOW ex026_ trust in other people
50,54 70-74 Age
5,18 NEVER MARRIED Marital Status (dn014)
CENTRO DI ATENEO STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA FAMIGLIA – Family Studies and Research University Centre – Milan - Italy
Competitive/Ambivalent data SHARE
20,87 INVOLVED SATISFIED
% CAT/GRP
Categories of variables
70,29 HIGH ac012_ how satisfied with life
95,93 NONE sp003_ who gave you help: children/son-in-law/grandchildren
46,68 OFTEN ac024_ feel full of opportunities
43,24 OFTEN ac025_ future looks good
73,24 OFTEN ac021_ life has meaning
91,76 NONE (ft) Receives Financial transfert
45,88 OFTEN ac023_ feel full of energy
25,22 NONE ch021_ number of grandchildren
48,41 HIGH Health Index
73,62 MORE THAN ONCE A WEEK
br016_ activities requiring a moderate level of energy
54,12 OFTEN ac017_do the things you want to do
49,09 ONCE A WEEK OR MORE
br015_sports or activities that are vigorous
51,83 HIGH ex009_life expectancy
31,79 HIGH Status Index
74,13 MARRIED (dn014_) marital status
49,09 MEDIUM ex026_ trust in other people
21,88 DISCOURAGED GRANDPARENTS
% CAT/GRP
Categories of variables
88,11 YES ch021_ number of grandchildren
34,16 HARDLY EVER - NEVER
ac024_ feel full of opportunities
35,46 HARDLY EVER - NEVER
ac025_ future looks good
18,89 YES (ft) Receives Financial transfert
19,63 LOW ac012_ how satisfied with life
94,67 YES ch001_ number of children
74,01 NONE sp002_ received help from others
21,30 OFTEN ac014_ age prevents from doing things
34,87 LOW Health Index
59,63 SEX Female
27,32 NEVER ac023_ feel full of energy
24,94 OFTEN ac014_ shortage of money stops
47,86 NEVER ex109_ use World Wide Web
8,17 OFTEN ac018_ family responsibilities prevent
16,68 LOW ex009_life expectancy
CENTRO DI ATENEO STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA FAMIGLIA – Family Studies and Research University Centre – Milan - Italy
Social Generative data SHARE
21,73
PERCENTAGES CAT/GRP Categories of variables
25,25 YES (ft) Receives Financial transfert
56,93 ONCE A WEEK OR MORE br015_sports or activities that are vigorous
77,44 OFTEN ac021_ life has meaning - OFTEN
39,02 HIGH Status Index
60,44 OFTEN ac017_do the things you want to do
78,95 MORE THAN ONCE A WEEK br016_ activities requiring a moderate level of energy
49,33 OFTEN ac024_ feel full of opportunities
49,16 OFTEN ac023_ feel full of energy
44,16 OFTEN ac025_ future looks good
69,09 HIGH ac012_ how satisfied with life
22,88 YES ex109_ use World Wide Web
49,99 HIGH Health Index
87,03 YES ch021_ number of grandchildren
94,80 YES ch001_ number of children
30,42 HIGH ex026_ trust in other people
26,18 ONCE A DAY ex029_ Frequency of praying
57,81 65-69 anni AGE
CENTRO DI ATENEO STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA FAMIGLIA – Family Studies and Research University Centre – Milan - Italy
Active Ageing and Social Generativity
WHICH FACTORS ARE CRUCIAL
FOR MAINTAINING SOCIAL GENERATIVITY
IN THE FUTURE?
CENTRO DI ATENEO STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA FAMIGLIA – Family Studies and Research University Centre – Milan - Italy
Logistic Regression: Variables included - data SHARE
IST STATUS INDEX - LOW
IST (1) STATUS INDEX - MEDIUM
IST (2) STATUS INDEX - HEIGHT
ISAL HEALTH INDEX - LOW
ISAL (1) HEALTH INDEX - MEDIUM
ISAL (2) HEALTH INDEX – HEIGHT
CH1 (1) CHILDREN
EX 26 TRUST IN OTHER PEOPLE - LOW
EX 26 (1) TRUST IN OTHER PEOPLE - MEDIUM
EX 26 (2) TRUST IN OTHER PEOPLE - HIGH
NEX 29 FREQUENCY OF PRAYING - NEVER
NEX 29 (1) FREQUENCY OF PRAYING – RARELY
NEX 29 (2) FREQUENCY OF PRAYING – ONCE A WEEK
NEX 29 (3) FREQUENCY OF PRAYING - ONCE A DAY
CENTRO DI ATENEO STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA FAMIGLIA – Family Studies and Research University Centre – Milan - Italy
Social-generative group : logistic regression - data SHARE
Variabili nell'equazione
B E.S. Wald df Sig. Exp(B)
95% CI per EXP(B)
Inferiore Superiore
Passo 1a ist 302,647 2 ,000
ist(1) ,596 ,073 66,817 1 ,000 1,815 1,573 2,094
ist(2) 1,199 ,077 240,105 1 ,000 3,317 2,850 3,860
isal 91,257 2 ,000
isal(1) ,284 ,058 24,016 1 ,000 1,328 1,186 1,488
isal(2) ,508 ,054 89,713 1 ,000 1,663 1,497 1,847
ch1(1) ,711 ,090 63,062 1 ,000 2,037 1,709 2,427
ex26 45,652 2 ,000
ex26(1) ,205 ,055 13,713 1 ,000 1,228 1,101 1,369
ex26(2) ,406 ,061 44,651 1 ,000 1,500 1,332 1,690
nex29 177,379 3 ,000
nex29(1) ,381 ,063 36,399 1 ,000 1,464 1,294 1,658
nex29(2) ,391 ,062 39,810 1 ,000 1,479 1,309 1,670
nex29(3) ,672 ,051 175,370 1 ,000 1,958 1,772 2,162
Costante -3,502 ,124 800,364 1 ,000 ,030
CENTRO DI ATENEO STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA FAMIGLIA – Family Studies and Research University Centre – Milan - Italy
Social-generative subjects: The different weight of regressors
data SHARE
HIGH
STATUS
SONS AND
DAUGHTERS
PRAYING
GOOD HEALTH
CENTRO DI ATENEO STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA FAMIGLIA – Family Studies and Research University Centre – Milan - Italy
In conclusion: 3 pathways to face ageing
• The different structural and cultural pathways covered by 65-74 elderly
a) “individualistic withdrawal”: reluctance to active ageing and low life quality
b) “competitive ambivalence”: active ageing = meaning selective commitment to family or society – negative if unbalanced only towards family - has negative implications on life quality
c) “socio generativity”: full active ageing - high quality life perception – more likely to keep it high in the future
CENTRO DI ATENEO STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA FAMIGLIA – Family Studies and Research University Centre – Milan - Italy
References
Boccacin, L. & Bramanti, D. (2012). Anziani attivi e associazionismo: una prospettiva intergenerazionale. Rapporto sulla città, FrancoAngeli, Milano, 105-135. Bramanti B., (2013), Bonnes pratiques en matière de soutien aux relations de soins entre les générations dans les familles avec des personnes âgées dépendantes, Redif. Bowling, A. (2006). Lay perceptions of successful ageing: findings from a national survey of middle aged and older adults in Britain. European Journal of Ageing, 4, 57-58. Cheng, S.-T., & Heller, K. (2009). Global aging: Challenges for community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 44(1-2), 161-173. Donati, P. (2011). Relational Sociology. A New Paradigm for the Social Sciences, Routledge, UK.
Dykstra, P. & Fokkema, I. (2011). Ties between Parents and their Adult Children: A Western European Typology of Late-Life Families. Multilinks Deliverable 5.3: Report on the comparative study on intergenerational transfers and social integration.
Kruse A. and Schmitt E. (2012), Generativity as a Route to Active Ageing, Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, Volume 2012, 1-9.
McAdams, D. & Logan, R. (2004). What is Generativity? In E. St. Aubin, D. McAdams & T. Kim (Eds.), The Generative Society. Caring for Future Generations. Washington, DC: APA.
Scabini E., Rossi G., (20 ) Family transition and Family in transition,
Silverstein, M., Gans, D. & Yang, F.M. (2006). Intergenerational Support to Aging Parents: The Role of Norms and Needs, Journal of Family Issues, Vol. 27, No. 8, 1068- 1084.
CENTRO DI ATENEO STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA FAMIGLIA – Family Studies and Research University Centre – Milan - Italy
Contact information
Lucia Boccacin, PhD - Full Professor, Family Studies and Research University Centre and Dept. of Sociology
[email protected] - ph. + 39 02 7234 3695 - fax +39 02 7234 2552
Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Largo Gemelli 1 - 20123 Milano, Italia
Donatella Bramanti, - Associate Professor, Family Studies and Research University Centre and Dept. of Sociology
[email protected] - ph. +39 02 7234 3611 - fax +39 02 7234 2552
Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Largo Gemelli 1 - 20123 Milano, Italia
CENTRO DI ATENEO STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA FAMIGLIA – Family Studies and Research University Centre – Milan - Italy