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Acid and Base
Ch 15 and 16
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acids• 1. tastes sour.• 2. conducts an electric current.• 3. Causes certain dyes ( indicators) to change
color.• 4. Liberates hydrogen when it reacts with certain
metals.• 5. neutralizes basic solutions to form salts.
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Bases
• 1. tastes bitter.• 2. conducts an electric current.• 3. causes certain dyes ( indicators) to change
color.• 4. feels slippery.• 5. neutralizes acid solution to form salts.
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Definition of Acids and Bases
• An acid is a source of hydrogen ions (H+) or hydronium ions (H3O+ ) in solution.
HCl(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
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• A base is a source of hydroxide ions (OH-)
e.g. NaOH(s) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
e.g. NH3 (aq) +H2O(l) NH4+ (aq) + OH-
(aq)
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Naming of acids
1. In a binary acid, the negative anion ends in -ide. The name begins with the prefix hydro- , stem and ends with -ic acid.
hydro______ ic acidHFHClHBr
hydroflouric acid
hydrochloric acid
Hydrobromic acid
stemstem
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2. In an oxy acid, the negative anion ends in –ate, use the stem and the name ends with -ic acid.
______ ic acid
HNO3
H2SO4
H3PO4
CH3COOH
nitric acid
phosphoric acid
sulfuric acid
acetic acid
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3. In an oxy acid, if the negative anion ends in –ite, use the stem and the name ends with -ous acid.
_______ ous acid
HNO2
H2SO3
H3PO3
nitrous acid
sulfurous acid
phosphorous acid
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Some Common Bases
NaOH
KOH
Ba(OH)2
Mg(OH)2
Al(OH)3
Sodium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide
Barium hydroxide
Magnesium hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide
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Learning Check
Match the formulas with the names:
A. ___ HNO2 1) hydrochloric acid
B. ___ Ca(OH)2 2) sulfuric acid
C. ___ H2SO4 3) sodium hydroxide
D. ___ HCl 4) nitrous acid
E. ___ NaOH 5) calcium hydroxide
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Solution AB4
Match the formulas with the names:
A. _4__ HNO2 1) hydrochloric acid
B. _5__ Ca(OH)2 2) sulfuric acid
C. _2__ H2SO4 3) sodium hydroxide
D. _1__ HCl 4) nitrous acid
E. _3__ NaOH 5) calcium hydroxide
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Learning Check
Acid, Base Nameor Salt
CaCl2 ______ _________________
KOH ______ _________________
Ba(OH)2 ______ _________________
HBr ______ _________________
H2SO4 ______ __________________
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Solution AB5
Acid, Base Nameor Salt
CaCl2 salt calcium chloride
KOH base potassiuim hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 base barium hydroxide
HBr acid hydrobromic acid
H2SO4 acid sulfuric acid
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B. DefinitionsB. Definitions• ArrheniusArrhenius - In aqueous solution… - In aqueous solution…
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl–
– AcidsAcids form hydronium ions (H3O+)
H
HH H H
H
ClClO O
–+
acid
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B. DefinitionsB. Definitions• ArrheniusArrhenius - In aqueous solution… - In aqueous solution…
– BasesBases form hydroxide ions (OH-)
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
H
H
HH H
H
N NO O–+
H
H
H H
base
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B. DefinitionsB. Definitions• Brønsted-LowryBrønsted-Lowry
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-
– AcidsAcids are proton (H+) donors. – BasesBases are proton (H+) acceptors.
conjugate base
conjugate acid
baseacid
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Conjugate acid base pairs
• conjugate base: the species that remains after an acid has given up a proton
• conjugate acid: the species that is formed when a base gains a proton
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NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
conjugate base
conjugate acid
acidbase
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• In the two examples water first acts as a base, then as an acid.
• Any species which can both accept and receive protons is called amphiprotic. (also known as amphoteric)
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Br –
HSO4-
CO32-
HBr
H2SO4
HCO3-
• Give the conjugate acid for each of the following:
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• List the conjugate acids for the following Bronsted bases
• OH -
• CO3 2-
• NO3-
• HCO3-
• CN -
H2O
HCO3-
HNO3
HCO3
HCN
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F -
H2PO4-
H2O
HF
H3PO4
H3O+
• Give the conjugate base for each of the following:
• Polyprotic - an acid with more than one H - an acid with more than one H++
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• List the conjugate bases for the following Bronsted acids
• H2SO4
• HPO42-
• HCO3-
• H3O+
• H2PO4-
HSO4-
PO43-
CO32-
H2O
HPO42-
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Review 2: Name the acid, base, conjugate acid and base for each reaction.
CH3NH2 + H2O CH3NH3+ + OH -
H3PO4 + H2O H3O + + H2PO4 -
HC2H3O2 + H2O H3O + + C2H3O2 -
CH3NH3+ + H2PO4 - H3PO4 + CH3NH2
base
base
base
base
acid
acid
acid
acid
conjugate acid
conjugate acid
conjugate acid
conjugate acid
conjugate base
conjugate base
conjugate base
conjugate base
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Review 2: Name the acid, base, conjugate acid and base for each reaction.
H2PO42- + OH- HPO4
- + H2O
HCN + H2O CN- + H3O +
NH3 + H2O NH4 + + OH -
NO3- + HCO3 - CO3
2- + HNO2
acid
base
acid
acid
base
acid
base
base
conjugate base
conjugate base
conjugate acid
conjugate base
conjugate acid
conjugate acid
conjugate base
conjugate acid