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CHAPTER 5
Accounting forMerchandising
OperationsKamrul Huda Talukdar
Lecturer
North South University
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Merchandising Operations
SO 1 Identify the differences between service and merchandising companies.
Merchandising CompaniesBuy and Sell Goods
Wholesaler Retailer Consumer
The primary source of revenues is referred to assales revenueor sales.
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Merchandising Operations
Income Measurement
Illustration 5-1
Cost of goodssold is the totalcost of merchandise sold
during the period.
Not used in aService business.
NetIncome(Loss)
Less
LessEquals
Equals
SalesRevenue
Cost ofGoods Sold
GrossProfit
OperatingExpenses
SO 1 Identify the differences between service and merchandising companies.
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The operatingcycle of amerchandising
companyordinarily islonger than thatof a service
company.
Operating Cycles
Illustration 5-2
SO 1 Identify the differences between service and merchandising companies.
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Features:
Perpetual System
1. Purchases increase Merchandise Inventory.
2. Freight costs, Purchase Returns and Allowances and
Purchase Discounts are included in Merchandise Inventory.
3. Cost of Goods Sold is increased and Merchandise Inventoryis decreased for each sale.
4. Physical count done to verify Merchandise Inventory
balance.
The perpetual inventory system provides a continuous recordof Merchandise Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold.
Flow of Costs
SO 1 Identify the differences between service and merchandising companies.
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Features:
Periodic System
1. Purchases of merchandise increase Purchases.
2. Ending Inventory determined by physical count.3. Calculation of Cost of Goods Sold:
Flow of Costs
Beginning inventory $ 100,000Add: Purchases, net 800,000
Goods available for sale 900,000Less: Ending inventory 125,000Cost of goods sold $ 775,000
SO 1 Identify the differences between service and merchandising companies.
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Made using cash orcredit (on account).
Normally recorded when
goods are received.Purchase invoiceshouldsupport each creditpurchase.
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.
Illustration 5-5
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Under the perpetual inventory system, companies record in theMerchandise Inventory account the purchase of goods theyintend to sell.
Illustration: From INVOICE NO. 731(Illustration 5-5) recordthe journal entry Sauk Stereo would make to record itspurchase from PW Audio Supply.
Merchandise inventory 3,800May 4Accounts payable 3,800
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.
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Illustration 5-6
Seller places goods FreeOn Board the carrier, and
buyer pays freight costs.
Seller places goods Free
On Board to the buyersplace of business, and
seller pays freight costs.
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Freight Costs Terms of Sale
Freight costs incurred by the seller are an operating expense.
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Illustration: Assume upon delivery of the goods on May 6,Sauk Stereo pays Acme Freight Company $150 for freightcharges, the entry on Sauk Stereos books is:
Merchandise inventory 150May 6
Cash 150
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.
Assume the freight terms on the invoice in Illustration 5-5had required PW Audio Supply to pay the freight charges, theentry by PW Audio Supply would have been:
Freight-out (or Delivery Expense) 150May 6
Cash 150
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Purchaser may be dissatisfiedbecause goods aredamaged or defective, of inferior quality, or do not
meet specifications.
Purchase Returns and Allowances
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Return goods for creditif the sale was made on
credit, or for a cashrefund if the purchase
was for cash.
May choose to keep themerchandise if the seller
will grant an allowance(deduction) from the
purchase price.
Purchase Return Purchase Allowance
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.
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In a perpetual inventory system, a return ofdefective merchandise by a purchaser isrecorded by crediting:
a. Purchases
b. Purchase Returns
c. Purchase Allowanced. Merchandise Inventory
Question
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.
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Recording Purchases of Merchandise
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.
Illustration: Assume that on May 8 Sauk Stereo returned toPW Audio Supply goods costing $300.
Accounts payable 300May 8
Merchandise inventory 300
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Credit terms may permit buyer to claim a cashdiscount for prompt payment.
Advantages:Purchaser saves money.
Seller shortens the operating cycle.
Purchase Discounts
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Example: Credit terms of 2/10, n/30, is read two-ten, netthirty. 2% cash discount if payment is made within 10 days.
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.
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Accounts payable 3,500May 14
Cash 3,430
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Merchandise Inventory 70
(Discount = $3,500 x 2% = $70)
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.
Illustration: Assume Sauk Stereo pays the balance due of$3,500 (gross invoice price of $3,800 less purchase returnsand allowances of $300) on May 14, the last day of thediscount period. Prepare the journal entry Sauk makes to
record its May 14 payment.
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Accounts payable 3,500June 3
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Cash 3,500
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.
Illustration: If Sauk Stereo failed to take the discount, andinstead made full payment of $3,500 on June 3, the journalentry would be:
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Merchandise Inventory
Debit Credit
$3,800 8th- Return$300
Balance
4th- Purchase
$3,580
70 14th- Discount
Recording Purchases of Merchandise
Summary of Purchasing Transactions
1506thFreight-in
Illustration
SO 2 Explain the recording of purchases under a perpetual inventory system.
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Two Journal Entries to Record a Sale
Cash orAccounts receivable Dr
Sales Cr
Recording Sales of Merchandise
SO 3 Explain the recording of sales revenuesunder a perpetual inventory system.
#1
Cost of goods sold Dr
Merchandise inventory Cr
#2
Selling
Price
Cost
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Recording Sales of Merchandise
SO 3 Explain the recording of sales revenuesunder a perpetual inventory system.
Accounts receivable 3,800May 4
Sales 3,800
Illustration: Assume PW Audio Supply records its May 4sale of $3,800 to Sauk Stereo (Illustration 5-5) as follows.Assume the merchandise cost PW Audio Supply $2,400.
Cost of goods sold 2,4004
Merchandise inventory 2,400
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Flipside of purchase returns and allowances.
Contra-revenue account (debit).
Sales not reduced (debited) because:
would obscure importance of sales returns andallowances as a percentage of sales.
could distort comparisons between total salesin different accounting periods.
Sales Returns and Allowances
Recording Sales of Merchandise
SO 3 Explain the recording of sales revenuesunder a perpetual inventory system.
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Illustration: Prepare the entry PW Audio Supply would maketo record the credit for returned goods that had a $300selling price (assume a $140 cost). Assume the goods werenot defective.
Recording Sales of Merchandise
SO 3 Explain the recording of sales revenuesunder a perpetual inventory system.
Sales returns and allowances 300May 8
Accounts receivable 300
Merchandise inventory 1408
Cost of goods sold 140
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Illustration: Assume the returned goods were defective andhad a scrap value of $50, PW Audio would make the followingentries:
Recording Sales of Merchandise
SO 3 Explain the recording of sales revenuesunder a perpetual inventory system.
Sales returns and allowances 300May 8Accounts receivable 300
Merchandise inventory 508
Cost of goods sold 50
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Offered to customers to promote prompt payment.
Flipside of purchase discount.
Contra-revenue account (debit).
Sales Discount
Recording Sales of Merchandise
SO 3 Explain the recording of sales revenuesunder a perpetual inventory system.
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Recording Sales of Merchandise
SO 3 Explain the recording of sales revenuesunder a perpetual inventory system.
Cash 3,430May 14
Accounts receivable 3,500
Sales discounts 70
* [($3,800 $300) X 2%]
*
Illustration: Assume Sauk Stereo pays the balance due of$3,500 (gross invoice price of $3,800 less purchase returnsand allowances of $300) on May 14, the last day of thediscount period. Prepare the journal entry PW Audio Supply
makes to record the receipt on May 14.
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Generally the same as a service company.
One additional adjustment to make the records
agree with the actual inventory on hand.
Involves adjusting Merchandise Inventory andCost of Goods Sold.
Adjusting Entries
Completing the Accounting Cycle
SO 4 Explain the steps in the accounting cycle for a merchandising company.
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Completing the Accounting Cycle
SO 4 Explain the steps in the accounting cycle for a merchandising company.
Illustration: Suppose that PW Audio Supply has anunadjusted balance of $40,500 in Merchandise Inventory.Through a physical count, PW Audio determines that its actualmerchandise inventory at year-end is $40,000. The company
would make an adjusting entry as follows.
Cost of goods sold 500
Merchandise inventory 500
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Completing the Accounting Cycle
Closing
Entries
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Shows several steps in determining net income.
Two steps relate to principal operatingactivities.
Distinguishes between operating and non-operating activities.
Multiple-Step Income Statement
Forms of Financial Statements
SO 5 Distinguish between a multiple-step and a single-step income statement.
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SO 6 Explain the computation and importance of gross profit.
Illustration 5-13
Key Items:Net sales
Gross profit
Gross profitrate
Illustration 5-10
Calculation of Gross Profit
Illustration 5-13
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Forms of
Financial
Statemen
ts
Key Items:
Net sales
Gross profit
Operatingexpenses
SO 5 Distinguish between a multiple-step and a single-step income statement.
Illustration 5 13
Multiple-Step
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The multiple-step income statement for amerchandiser shows each of the followingfeatures except:
a. gross profit.
b. cost of goods sold.
c. a sales revenue section.d. investing activities section.
Review Question
Forms of Financial Statements
SO 5 Distinguish between a multiple-step and a single-step income statement.
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Subtract total expenses from total revenues
Two reasons for using the single-step format:
1) Company does not realize any type of profituntil total revenues exceed total expenses.
2) Format is simpler and easier to read.
Single-Step Income Statement
Forms of Financial Statements
SO 5 Distinguish between a multiple-step and a single-step income statement.
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Illustration 5-14
Single-Step
Forms of Financial Statements
SO 5 Distinguish between a multiple-step and a single-step income statement.
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Forms of Financial Statements
Illustration 5-15Classified Balance Sheet
SO 5 Distinguish between a multiple-step and a single-step income statement.
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Periodic System
Separate accounts used to record purchases,freight costs, returns, and discounts.
Company does not maintain a running accountof changes in inventory.
Ending inventory determined by physical count.
SO 7 Explain the recording of purchases and sales ofinventory under a periodic inventory system.
Periodic Inventory System
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Calculation of Cost of Goods Sold
$316,000
Illustration 5A-1
SO 7 Explain the recording of purchases and sales ofinventory under a periodic inventory system.
Periodic Inventory System
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Recording Purchases under Periodic System
SO 7 Explain the recording of purchases and sales ofinventory under a periodic inventory system.
Illustration: On the basis of the sales invoice (Illustration 5-5)and receipt of the merchandise ordered from PW AudioSupply, Sauk Stereo records the $3,800 purchase as follows.
Purchases 3,800May 4
Accounts payable 3,800
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Recording Purchases under Periodic System
SO 7 Explain the recording of purchases and sales ofinventory under a periodic inventory system.
Illustration: If Sauk pays Haul-It Freight Company $150for freight charges on its purchase from PW Audio Supply on
May 6, the entry on Sauks books is:
Freight-in (Transportation-in) 150May 6
Cash 150
Freight Costs
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Recording Purchases under Periodic System
SO 7 Explain the recording of purchases and sales ofinventory under a periodic inventory system.
Illustration: Sauk Stereo returns $300 of goods to PW AudioSupply and prepares the following entry to recognize the
return.
Accounts payable 300May 8
Purchase returns and allowances 300
Purchase Returns and Allowances
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Recording Purchases under Periodic System
SO 7 Explain the recording of purchases and sales ofinventory under a periodic inventory system.
Illustration: On May 14 Sauk Stereo pays the balance due onaccount to PW Audio Supply, taking the 2% cash discount
allowed by PW Audio for payment within 10 days. SaukStereo records the payment and discount as follows.
Accounts payable 3,500May 14
Purchase discounts 70
Purchase Discounts
Cash 3,430
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No entry is recorded for cost of goods sold at the time ofthe sale under a periodic system.
SO 7 Explain the recording of purchases and sales ofinventory under a periodic inventory system.
Recording Sales under Periodic System
Illustration: PW Audio Supply, records the sale of $3,800 ofmerchandise to Sauk Stereo on May 4 (sales invoice No. 731,Illustration 5-5) as follows.
Accounts receivable 3,800May 4
Sales 3,800
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SO 7 Explain the recording of purchases and sales ofinventory under a periodic inventory system.
Illustration: To record the returned goods received fromSauk Stereo on May 8, PW Audio Supply records the $300
sales return as follows.
Sales returns and allowances 300May 4
Accounts receivable 300
Sales Returns and Allowances
Recording Sales under Periodic System
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SO 7 Explain the recording of purchases and sales ofinventory under a periodic inventory system.
Illustration: On May 14, PW Audio Supply receives payment of$3,430 on account from Sauk Stereo. PW Audio honors the 2%
cash discount and records the payment of Sauks accountreceivable in full as follows.
Sales Discounts
Recording Sales under Periodic System
Cash 3,430May 14
Accounts receivable 3,500Sales discounts 70
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SO 7 Explain the recording of purchases and sales ofinventory under a periodic inventory system.
Comparison of EntriesPerpetual Vs. Periodic
Illustration 5A-2
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Comparison of EntriesPerpetual Vs. Periodic
Illustration 5A-2