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Accommodations and
Modifications
August, 2009
ESU 7
402-564-0815
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Chart 1: Words defining ACCOMMODATIONS
Chart 2: Words defining MODIFICATIONS
Chart 3: Questions you want answered today.
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Presentation Overview
• Least Restrictive Environment
• Accommodations vs. Modifications
• Instructional vs. Assessment
• Examples
• Questions and Answers
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Least Restrictive Environment
• IDEA 2004:Special needs child has the right to education…
1) where they can academically achieve with support, and
2) where is most like the educational setting provided for peers without disabilities.
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LRE cont…
• The student should be provided with supplementary aids and services necessary to achieve educational goals if placed in a setting with non-disabled peers.
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LRE cont…
– What if the classroom is not appropriate? • the student would be placed in a more
restrictive environment (i.e.: a special classroom or a hospital program.)
– Generally, the less opportunity a student has to interact and learn with non-disabled peers, the more that the setting is considered to be restricted.
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Least Restrictive Most Restrictive
Regular Classroom with non-disabled peers
Self contained, fully exclusive special education room or program
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LRE ensures…
• Not temporary guests mainstreamed into general education classrooms.
• Accommodations/supports can be most effectively provided in general education classrooms.
• Inclusive practices improve learning for all students.
• All learners are welcomed at the school and are seen as the responsibility of all educators.
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Definitions
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Definitions
• Accommodations (Instructional):– adjustments to make sure students have
equal access to curriculum and a way to be successful.
– supports or services provided to help a student across the general curriculum.
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Definitions
• Accommodations (Assessment): –Changes in assessment materials or
procedures that enable students to participate in state or district assessments in a way that assesses abilities rather than disabilities.
–Accommodations provide equity, not advantage
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Definitions Cont…
• Accommodations (Assessment): • A ‘tool’ that provides access –the
assessment is not changed
• (Some of us may ‘access’ a building by using the stairs, some of us may ‘access’ that same building by using a ramp –how we enter or ‘gain access’ to the building does not change the building)
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Definitions cont…
• Modifications (Instructional):– curriculum and/or instruction is changed
quite a bit. – changes made to the content and
performance expectations for students.
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Definitions cont…
• Modifications (Assessment):– Directly alters or lowers the expectation of
the assessment
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Accommodations vs. Modifications
• An Accommodation levels the playing field– Example: larger print, extended time
• A Modification changes the playing field– Example decrease number of possible
answers, out-of-level testing
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•Accommodations
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Accommodation “Truths”
• Implemented only after attempting a variety of instructional strategies
• IEP team makes accommodation decisions
• Required and allowable by law –IDEA and NCLB
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Accommodation “Truths”
• Intended to reduce or even eliminate the effects of a student’s disability.
• Do not reduce or change learning expectations or alter the content of the material to be mastered.
• Provide equitable access to instruction and assessment.
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Accommodation “Truths”
• Use does not begin and end at the school door.
• Generally are needed in the home, the community, at work and in postsecondary education.
• It is the responsibility of all teachers to instruct the student in the implementation of accommodations and encourage the student to use those accommodations whenever needed.
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Examples
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Examples of Accommodations
• Presentation–repeat directions, read aloud, use of larger print
• Response –mark in book, use of recording aids, point
• Setting–study carrel, special lighting, separate room
• Timing/Scheduling–extended time, frequent breaks
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Examples of Accommodations
• Most Common
– Small Group administration
– Read-aloud
– Extended time
• Most Effective
– Computer Administration
– Read-aloud
– Extended time
(NCEO –National Center for Educational Outcomes – www.education.umn.edu/nceo/)
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Examples
• A child with delayed reading skills can participate in class discussions about a novel if she’s listened to the audio tape version of the book.
• A child with poor writing and spelling skills may use assistive technology — a tape recorder or word processor — rather then struggle with pencil and paper to do her report about a famous person in history.
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Examples cont…
• For a child who’s easily distracted by background noise, an accommodation that might be offered is seating the student away from the window and heater, or close to the teacher for prompting.
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Examples cont…
• additional time for work completion, • readers or recorded materials, • Calculators• spell checkers, • other electronic devices,• special seating arrangements, • enlarged text, • scribes/note takers • shortened assignments.
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Nebraska State-Wide Assessment:
Accommodations
• See handout.
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When are Teachers REQUIRED to follow the
Accommodations? • Consistently
– that is, at all times, and under all types of circumstances.
– However, the IEP should differentiate between accommodations for instruction and accommodations for assessment
• and parents should understand the different consequences of each for their child.
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• Cannot read a test to a child if it is a reading comprehension test.
• A spellchecker may be allowed to help a child who’s writing an essay.
• Cannot use spellchecker on spelling test. • Must take a look at the information that
accompanies the assessment to determine appropriateness of specific accommodations
Exceptions…
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Modifications
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Modification “Truths”
• When modifications are made, kids with disabilities are not expected to master the same academic content as others in the classroom.
• A child who can’t learn the twenty-word spelling list every week may learn only ten words. This results in different standards for mastery — half the number of words as kids without a disability learn weekly.
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Modification “Truths”
• A fifth-grade child with a severe math disability who isn’t ready to learn fractions and decimals may still be working on addition and subtraction.
• This means that his instructional level has changed significantly — second-, not fifth-grade instruction — from that of other students in his classroom.
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Examples
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Modification Examples
• Examples of modification include, but are not limited to: – to lessen depth or breadth in the information/material
covered (e.g. fewer objectives, – shortened units or lessons, fewer pages or problems,
etc.), – materials written at a lower readability level (high-
interest, low-ability books). – Out-of-grade level materials (third-grade math
standards for a seventh grader)
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Modification Examples
• Reducing assignments and assessments so a student only needs to complete the easiest problems
• Make assignments easier (crossing out half response choices)
• Provide hints or clues
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Frequently
Asked
Questions
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FAQ
• Q: What are accommodations?
• A: Accommodations, determined by the Individualized Education Plan (IEP) team are:
1) instructional strategies,
2) response methods,
3) instructional settings and
4) timing and scheduling.
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FAQ cont…
• Q: How do accommodations and modifications differ?
• A: – Accommodations do not alter academic content or
expectations. – Modifications refer to practices and procedures
that alter or reduce the learning expectations and/or the content of the material to be mastered.
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FAQ cont…
• Q: May grades be reduced for students using accommodations? A: No. – Students completing their work using IEP
determined accommodations must be given full credit for their accomplishments. To do otherwise would be discriminatory and in violation of the student’s civil rights.
– Federal law does not allow employers to reduce the pay of employees using glasses, hearing aides or wheelchairs to perform their work.
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Q and A cont…
• Q: Do the courts hold general education teachers accountable for the instruction of students with disabilities?
• A: School districts must make available a full range of supports and services in the general education setting to accommodate students with disabilities
• Just because a student learns differently from other students does not necessarily warrant exclusion from general education.
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Q and A cont…
• Q: Are there legal consequences for teachers choosing not to follow the accommodations and/or modifications in a student’s IEP
• A: Doe v. Withers (20 IDELR 422, 426-27) Teacher refused to provide oral testing accommodations to a student with disabilities. The student failed the class. The student’s family sued and won.
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Q and A cont…
• Q: What do accommodations look like?
• A: Everyone uses them. – Glasses– a ladder – crutches – Speed dial – PDA
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Sources
• Perske Special Populations Office January, 2007
• Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 2004
• No Child Left Behind (NCLB)• National Center for Educational
Outcomes (NCEO)– www.education.umn.edu/nceo/
• RULE 51
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More Sources…
• Bateman & Bateman, 2002; Turnbull, Turnbull, Wehmeyer, & Park, 2003
• Nebraska Department of Education Accommodations Guidelines, 2006 http://www.nde.state.ne.us/SPED/sped.html)
• SPED Regional WS 2004