Louis Kahn’s Influence on Two Irish ArchitectsWritten by Paul Govern

Acknowledgements:

I would like to thank Noel Dowley first and foremost for welcoming me into his home to interview him in February 2012. It was an absolute pleasure to discuss topics such as Louis Kahn, Le Corbusier, amongst other things. At the end of this text is the fruition of this short dialogue, and with it numerous hours of research and writing. I would also like to thank Saul Golden for his help in Second Year Design Studio. He pushed me beyond what I ever thought I was capable of, and was the first tutor who challenged me to discard technol-ogy in favour of the pencil. Finally I would like to thank Dr. Tanja Poppelreuter for her help and advice in the production of this text. She always had time for those that needed help, and was a fantastic person to talk to about anything. When I reflect upon my time here at University of Ulster many years from now, it will be these two educators whom I can always recall as the foundation of my success. For this and more I thank you.

Table Of Contents

Acknowledgements 3.

Introduction 5.

Louis Kahn’s Influence on Noel Dowley 7.

Louis Kahn’s Influence on Shane De Blacam 13.

Conclusion 19.

Bibliography 20.

List of Illustrations 21.

Louis Kahn’s Influence on Two Irish ArchitectsPaul Govern

Introduction:

At first glance Ireland’s architecture appears to have been dictated by a series of intermittent dialogues with Britain and Europe. These narratives include: Celtic, Christian, Classical and Modern architecture.1 Under closer inspection these influences appear to have been moulded to the Irish context. The relatively small size and isolated position of this island has meant these styles often become simpler than their source, taking on their own sense of self. Which raises the question of what exactly is the essence of Irish Archi-tecture? In truth this question is something which is also relevant to all facets of Irish society. Irish architecture like its heritage, language and linage of its people, is a succession of cultural layers, thus each new layer is informed by the previous one. I believe that this is largely due to the to and fro of people from other cultures. Without such movements, the architecture, culture and the spoken word of the Irish people would probably be something different.2 The dawn of the twentieth century brought with it a yearning for a new Ireland, one which was free from its greatest oppressor and influence; Britain. In 1922 the Irish Free State was formed and over the last century gave the Irish people a chance to find a new identity, a trait which should have assimilated into Irish architecture.3 While the new Government was adamant about finding an Irishness in Irish society, it never seemed to materialise in Ireland’s architecture. Instead they promoted the International Style in its state funded projects, largely to show the world that it had broken free from its greatest influence and oppressor: Britain. An early example of this was the first major state funded project; the Hydro Electric Power Sta-tion at Ardnacrusha in Co. Clare [fig1]. While the government portrayed the Irishness of the stations design to the people with a propagandist fervour, its origins is often seen as anything but Irish. Designed and built by a German construction firm Siemens Schuckert, the project is obviously German in its origins (echoing the work of Peter Behrens Industrial architecture). However it is the material which it is made from which perhaps moulds it into its envi-

1 Sarah A. Lappin, Full Irish New Irish Architecture (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2009),1-10.2 Seán O’Reilly, “Architecture in Ireland prior to 1900,” in 20th Century Architecture Ireland, ed. Annette Becker et al. (Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1997), 11-16. 3 Séan Rothery, “Ireland and the New Architecture 1900-1940,” in 20th Century Architecture Ireland, ed Annette Becker et al. (Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1997), 17-21.

1. Aerial Photograph of Ardnacrusha Hydro Electric Power Dam, Siemens Schuckert, 1925-9.Structure is reminiscent of Behren’s Industrial architecture, however it moulds itself to the Irish context in the manner in which is landscaped.

2. Night’s Candles are Burnt, Séan Keating, 1928-29. Here the artist portrays the old Ireland drunken and tired on the left, the youth and the church building the future on the right, the American or European businessman who is essential to this transition, and finally the structure that will make the future a reality.

ronment.4 During this time concrete was used throughout Europe on vary-ing scales but its use here is a celebration of Ireland’s limestone deposits, a material which is often cited as Ireland’s indigenous material. Even the manner in which the station was moulded into the river raises suggestions of a slight departure from Modernism.5 Perhaps a pure Irish style is non existent, and instead could be the manner in which Irish architects mould external influences to the Irish context? However one thing is for certain, it forms a juxtaposition between the old and new Ireland, with the essence of this transition beautifully portrayed by Sean Keating in his interpretation of the project [fig2]. Whilst traditionally the narratives here were often intensively singular and far between, nowadays there is a wealth of diver-sity as architects seem to be unable to agree on a single narrative.6 This rich diversity in contemporary Irish architecture has been driven by the im-port and export of young graduates over the course of the last century. The reason for this is largely due to successive periods of boom and bust in the Irish economy. There has been a long succession of famous Irish architects who escaped these recurring social and economic highs and lows in order to find their own distinct narratives. The ambition of this text is discuss one instance of this import/ export in the 20th century. While there are many others who have discussed the entirety of Louis Kahn’s life and work, I felt there was a story here that was largely untold. It is a story of two Irish architects and their time with Kahn, and subsequently the manner in which they moulded this influence to the Irish context. The two Irish architects concerned are Noel Dowley and Shane De Blacam, both of whom studied under Louis Kahn at University of Pennsylvania in the 1960s.7 Their educa-tion and early careers appear to have been intertwined, and just as Penn and Yale had been for Kahn, University College Dublin formed a mainstay for these two architects. Dowley was the first to study under Kahn, and later taught architecture at undergraduate level to De Blacam at UCD. Upon

4 Paul Lamour, Free State Architecture: Modern Movement Architecture in Ireland, 1922-1949 (Cork: Gandon Editions, 2009), 1-25. 5 Hugh Campbell, “Irish Identity and the Architecture of the New State,” in 20th Century Archi-tecture Ireland, ed. Annette Becker et al. (Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1997), 83-88. 6 Sarah A. Lappin, Full Irish New Irish Architecture (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2009),1-10. 7 Kester Rattenbury, Robert Bevan et al, Architects Today (London: Lawerence Publishing, 2004), 44-47.

3. Exterior Window of The Norman Fisher House, Pennsylvania, Louis Kahn, 1967.Note how Kahn uses oak cladding and glazing to mould the building to the sites context.

graduation De Blacam was subsequently pointed in Kahn’s direction by Dowley. These events like many of the seminal moments in Kahn’s career were largely the result of chance, and it is hard to imagine how either would have developed in the manner in which they did, if not for such institutions as UCD and Penn.8 Their journey to America to find Kahn reflected the lack of opportunity in not just architecture here in Ireland, but Irish society as a whole.9 When they returned to Ireland, they progressively began to unravel Ireland’s fixation with Modern architecture. While Louis Kahn perhaps best known for the monumentality of such buildings as the Salk institute and the Fisher House [fig.3], I believe it is his philosophies and elemental use of material which these two architects moulded to the Irish context.10 For a short period in 2010 I worked for Shane De Blacam in his office in Dublin. During this time the practice was curating Ireland’s entry in the Venice Bennialle 2010. The theme of the pavilion was a celebration of the hand drawing, and the craft of architecture. My main task during my time here was to organise the firms catalogue of drawings from the 1970s and edit some of their serene hand drawings for use in the pavilion. While the practice’s work has equally been influenced by John Meagher and his experiences studying in Scandinavia, the spirit of Kahn is the predominant force in their work [fig.4].11 It was here I first experienced one of history’s greatest architects.

8 Noel Dowley. Interview by Paul Govern. Digital Recording. Interview at his home in South Dublin, February 17, 2012. 9 Sarah A. Lappin, Full Irish New Irish Architecture (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2009), 41-45.10 William J.R Curtis, “On Monuments and Monumentality: Louis Kahn,” in Modern Architecture Since 1900, (London: Phaidon, 1982), 513-527.11 Kenneth Frampton, editor Tom de Paor et.al. The Culture of materials in the work of De Blacam and Meagher: An Appraisal, Irlanda: of de Blacam and Meagher (Dublin: Gall Editions 2010 ) 76.

4.Interior Window Seat of One Castle Street, Dublin, De Blacam & Meagher Architects.Shane De Blacam utilises the facade details of many of Kahn’s houses, and in this case moulds it to a vibrant city context. Note the tall fixed glazing and window panel, a detail which is similar to many of Kahn’s houses.

Chapter One: Kahn’s Influence on Noel Dowley

The Influence of Louis Kahn on Noel Dowley

It is 10.25 am on March 17th 2012. It is a beautiful Spring morning, which is unusual for this time of year in Ireland, and the people around me are taking full advantage of the sunshine as I approach my destination. After a relatively straightforward journey by car through Dublin City, I arrive with time to spare in Blackrock; a small town south of Dublin with stunning views over Dublin Bay. A retired architect named Noel Dowley opens his front door and welcomes me into his lavish Georgian home. Over the next few hours we discuss the influence of Kahn upon him and Shane De Blacam, amongst other things. The main course of the conversation is a discussion of Dowley’s key works, his time at UCD and the period in which he studied under Louis Kahn at University of Pennsylvania in the 1960s. In response to the social context of Ireland in the 1950s and 1960s, where people had little appetite for architecture, he was adamant about finding his own way outside of the restrictions he felt in Ireland. A time he admits when there was little or nothing for him or his peers, except emigration. His first experi-ence of Kahn’s work was in a magazine. The article showcased some of Kahn’s work and notes from one of his lectures, and it was in this moment he knew he had to go to the source, and study under Kahn. Initially this had to be put on hold as he was unsuccessful in his first application at under-graduate level. Instead he studied for three years at UCD between 1958 and 1961, after which he was successful in his second attempt in 1963.12 At the time he was also quite uneasy about how he was going to fund his Masters studies. In order to realise his dream he would have to leave his family behind, and financially it was a tough decision for him. As luck would have it, one thing led to another and he was granted a Fullbrite Scholar-ship, which subsequently covered most of his costs while he was at Penn.13 He was the first Irish student to receive this award to study architecture abroad. As he set off to study at Penn he had three objectives. He wished to find an Irish architecture, his own way in the profession, and an architec-ture which engaged with the social problems of the time14. The main attitudes of his work, both in his architecture 12 Noel Dowley. Interview by Paul Govern. Digital Recording. Interview at his home in South Dublin, February 17, 2012.13 Annette Becker et al. 20th Century Architecture Ireland, (Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1997), 192. 14 Noel Dowley. Interview by Paul Govern. Digital Recording. Interview at his home in South Dublin, February 17, 2012.

5. Project For an Elementary School, Anne Tyng, 1928-29.Note the influence of Tyng’s lightweight Tetrahedral grid structure on the Yale Art Gallery.

6. Interior Photograph, Yale Art Gallery, Louis Kahn.Note the influence of Tyng’s Tetrahedral grid, the essence of which is moulded to Kahn’s principals of served and servant spaces. In this case the services are hidden in structure to enhance the space.

and teaching methods, stem from his time at Penn.15 During his time there Kahn taught him Philosophy and tutored him for his final thesis. Kahn had unusual teaching methods, he was profusely liberal with the students early on in the projects, and encouraged them to generate their own ideas. At the start of a project he would often discuss the initial ideas of the students for a month prior to the commencement of any work. This enabled Dowley and his peers to hunt and capture the idea; the essence of their work. He recalls Kahn as particularly interested in the power of a single tangible idea, and the more the student simplified it the better. In studio he was the driving force behind much of the students work and the person that they wanted to impress in the reviews. His aim perhaps was to instill a confidence in the way his students approached and communicated their work. Perhaps this is due to Kahn’s own education at Penn, which was in the Beaux Arts Tradition.16 At the beginning of a project the student would be put into solitude to sketch the essence of the project. During the crit the student was ultimately judged by the relationship between the esquisse and the final product; hence the essence of an idea.17 While Kahn knew the power of this method, he saw it as a personal form of expression. (This verbalising of the esquisse perhaps was a result of his childhood, as he was profusely talented in music. Despite his scars from an accident involving hot coals, he often performed for wealthy philanthropists who would fund his develop-ment. I believe this enabled a young and self conscious Kahn to overcome his fixation on his appearance, ultimately developing from the inside out).18 In these initial discussions the students learned from one another and be-gan to gain an ability to express themselves verbally and intellectually. He often challenged his students to question their work until their work reached the summit where all great architecture resides. It is best described by one of Dowley’s quotes from Albert Einstein:

“You ask a question and you will find an answer, you ask another question and you will get another answer. You keep on doing so until you find the clearest answer that makes you

15 Noel Dowley, “Church of St. Mary, Cong Co. Mayo,” The Arts in Ireland (1980): 57-60.16 Ralph Lieberman, Drawn From The Source; The Travel Sketches of Louis Kahn (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996), 1-11.17 Hyungmin Pai, Hyong-min Pae, The Portfolio and the Diagram: Architecture, Discourse and Modernity in America (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002), 61-64.18 Sarah Williams Goldhagen, “Kahn and American Modernism: The Search for Community and the Turn Towards Monumentality,” in Louis Kahn’s Situated Modernism (London: Yale University Press, 2001), 11-40.

7. Photograph, Kahn’s Students working in the Fuller Studio at Yale. Kahn often used the enthusiasm of students at Yale and Penn to develop many of the details of his projects.

8. Exterior Photograph, the Ballybrack Housing Co-operative, Noel Dowley, 1968-1973.First in a series of similar projects. Each home has a split level section giv-ing the occupant the full volume of enclosure. It utilizes low cost materials such as: 200mm block walls, precast concrete floors, stock windows and stud/plaster walls internally.

nearest to god.”19

There were 40 students in his class at Penn, and there was an even split between American students, and those from the rest of the world. This gave a broad cultural diversity to the studio and the work that was produced. Here he made many friendships which lasted a lifetime, and maintained close friendship with many of the students there. Some were from places such as Turkey and France and some of these also ended up with prosperous careers in education. The students would often discuss their philosophies, projects and imitate the man whom they admired. As a result they all knew the content of each other’s presenta-tions, so there were never any great surprises during reviews. While Kahn encouraged his students to verbally express themselves early in the design process, he also encouraged them to design in a flexible way. His preferred medium for this was charcoal and trace, as it has an inherent memory in every stroke. If one uses the charcoal to pursue a particular path and wishes to change it, you can smudge it out and correct it. However the essence of the previous path is still evident, thus there is a continuity with this media. This poetic form of memory in the design process was quite important to Kahn, as he felt it enabled the student to keep track of the process. In comparison to pencils and set squares, where the student im-mediately creates right angles, charcoal instead sets the hand free from these restrictions20. Kahn was not the only influence on Dowley at Penn. In his structures module he was taught by Robert Le Ricolais.21 Le Ricolais was a famous French structural engineer who was central to the crea-tion of the space frame. This structure was given occult like status on the East Coast, as it was believed to be a way of departing from the traditional forms of Modern architecture. Kahn during this period immersed himself in the group of individuals who had been central to the rise of this new form, figures such as Buckminster Fuller and Anne Tyng, of which the latter also worked in his office. Tyng was Kahn’s partner in practice up until 1953, and up until that period much of his work reflected her version of the space-frame [fig.5]. It manifested itself most notably in the ceiling of the Yale Art

19 Noel Dowley. Interview by Paul Govern. Digital Recording. Interview at his home in South Dublin, February 17, 2012. 20 Noel Dowley. Interview by Paul Govern. Digital Recording. Interview at his home in South Dublin, February 17, 2012.21 Ibid.

10. Exterior Photograph, Woodroofe Houses, Noel Dowley, 1970-1971.Similar exercise to Kilfrush, house can be doubled in size by constructing a roof over the adjoining court.

9. Exterior Photograph, Kilfrush Houses, Noel Dowley, 1970. First exercise in low cost, flexible housing. User can open and close the lay-out of the interior, thus adapting to the client. Built with low cost materials, the project and it’s window detail is not unlike that of Kahn’s Esherick House.

Gallery [fig.6].22 During his time at Yale he would often commute by train with Fuller, and they would often discuss their work. In 1951 he decided to use the essence of the space frame in the ceiling of the Yale Art Gallery, to cre-ate a space for services.23 What’s important about this period is the manner in which Kahn used his students to develop his version of the space-frame [fig.7]. Similar in essence to Tyng’s, his version however was created using concrete. This made it heavy like the ruins he had seen during his much publicized trip to Europe in 1950.24 Yale aside, he used the studio in Penn in a similar way as a springboard to develop his projects. Dowley describes the time when Kahn was contemplating the early design of the Yale Centre for British Art. He would often discuss the possibilities of the project with his students, and there was an air of expectation and excitement in the studio during this time. However he recalls the end result as slightly disap-pointing. This wasn’t because Kahn designed a bad building, it just failed to reflect the earlier promise of their discussions. This perhaps was due to the conservative nature of the people they were building the library for; the British.25 Dowley returned in 1964 to an Ireland where little had changed socially and economically, as Ireland was still largely seen as a third world country. He recalls a time when there was very little need for architecture. For him and his peers it made more sense to teach the subject rather than attempt to practice it full time. Within a year he began teaching at UCD. It was here that he introduced many of Ireland’s current architects to Kahn’s ethos, including a young Shane De Blacam.26 In 1965 Dowley began practicing in times of economic bust and the scale of the work pro-duced during this period reflected this. While he maintains he never know-ingly set out to portray Kahn’s influence, his philosophies and presence was still apparent in his work. One can see parallels between Kahn’s early career in social housing, and Dowley’s interest in an architecture of low means. In 1968 he was sitting in his office sketching, and a window cleaner 22 Thomas Leslie, “Yale University Gallery,” in Louis Kahn Building Art, Building Science (New York: George Braziller inc, 2005), 48-86. 23 Sarah Williams Goldhagen, “Techno- Organic Symbols of Community,” in Louis Kahn’s Situ-ated Modernism (London: Yale University Press, 2001), 65-87. 24 Ralph Lieberman, Drawn From The Source: The Travel Sketches of Louis Kahn (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996), 66-102.25 Noel Dowley. Interview by Paul Govern. Digital Recording. Interview at his home in South Dublin, February 17, 2012.26 John Tuomey, “Import/ Export,” in 20th Century Architecture Ireland, ed. Annette Becker et al. (Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1997), 79-82.

11. Exterior Photograph, Workshop at New Dock, Noel Dowley, 1976-1977.Note the manner in which the inside and outside is clearly divided by the internal and external color schemes. This is one of the traits of Kahn’s separation from Modern-ism, which can be seen in the Exeter Library.

12.Personal Sketch of Entrance Threshold, Workshop at New Dock, Noel Dowley, 1976-1977.

14. Interior Photograph, Workshop at New Dock, Noel Dowley 1976-1977.

13. Plans, Workshop at New Dock, Noel Dowley, 1976-1977.Note the simple connecting volumes and indented entrance.

asked him to help him and a group of thirty other families, who were living in squalid conditions. They wished to have their own homes yet had no means to do so. Subsequently he set up the Ballybrack Co-operative Hous-ing Society, which was one of the first co-operative schemes in the country. Like Kahn before him, Dowley too was interested in rhetorically questioning the world around him. Here he began engaging with an architecture of low means, and subsequently set out to disprove that architecture was only for the rich and privileged.27 This approach seemed suited to the Irish context as Ireland was a small country with modest means, an image which is quite far apart from the thriving society of the last two decades in Irish society.

“I believe that the Architect’s main concern is with it’s people, and with endeavouring, through the art of architecture, to make a contribution to enrich the way of life across the whole range of human experience. It follows logically from this that the architect’s philoso-phy must, therefore be an optimistic, generous and poetic one, so that the works that are influenced by it have the potential of giving a more human and uplifting standard to the environment which they create, even in a very modest way.”28

With his housing projects at Ballyfrack, Woodroofe and Kilfrush he at-tempted to combine technology and space standards with a modest budget [fig.8-10]. At Ballyfrack for example each house cost 500 pounds. In doing so regardless of the scale or budget, the architect can find some poetic content in the building. Within reason, the programme can be reduced, the size and scale of the rooms altered, but it is the simple introduction of double height volumes, light and material which gives the client something which they would otherwise never have dreamt of. His Workshop at New Dock in Galway 1976-7 is another refreshingly simple project [fig.11-14]. It is quite small in scale and budget at 14 by 7 metres, with a total cost of £10,000. The simplicity in plan and his use of simple connecting volumes is reminiscent of Kahn, which subsequently rationalises the cost of materials and services. While relatively straightforward in design, there are subtle complexities which lift the building. The facade for example is given life by the manner in which the internal stairs are visibly extruded outward.29 He also evolves the Kahnian idea of separating inside and outside materially

27 Noel Dowley, “Excuse me Mr. Dooley, are you an Archetek?” Building Material AAI (Winter 2005): 22-26. 28 Noel Dowley, “Profile,” Column Magazine (1981): 6-7.29 Noel Dowley, “Excuse me Mr. Dooley, are you an Archetek?” Building Material AAI (Winter 2005): 22-26.

15. Exterior Photograph,St. Mary’s Church, Cong, Noel Dowley, 1972-1973.

in his use of applied colour.30 During our conversation he pointed to the influence of Aldo Van Eyck and his ideas of the threshold. Dowley believed that the threshold was sacred, that two inches is often all that separates the inside from the outside. Here at New Dock he creates a simple volume pushed inwards, in order to create a simple welcome.31

I feel a deep sense of sympathy towards the fate of his Church at Cong (1972-1973) [fig 15]. Needlessly demolished in 2003, it perhaps was one of the first Irish buildings which openly engage with place and setting. The new church was built around the old walls of an existing 19th century church on the site. In doing so, the presence of new and old forms a juxtaposition which in a way respects context but does not yield to it either. His spatial ambition for the church is quite simple, he wished to keep a sense of closeness of a living room, thus the subtle play with volumes. The church marked an evolution in his work as all the problems of the brief were worked from the inside out. For example much of the church was designed around existing features such as a set of beautiful Harry Clarke windows, which subsequently were one of the features of the built church [fig 16]. The manner in which he relates to the existing features of the site, is in fact a very Kahnian idea. Kahn would often ask himself:

“What does the building want to be?”32

Similar to Kahn, Dowley becomes a vessel for this building, thus moulding a connection with the site, structure and the body. This church is perhaps one of the first examples of a place specific architecture, which has recently become quite ordinary.33

30 John Olley, “Workshop at New Dock Galway” in 20th Century Architecture Ireland, ed. Annette Becker et al. (Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1997), 147.31 Noel Dowley. Interview by Paul Govern. Digital Recording. Interview at his home in South Dublin, February 17, 2012.32 David Thomas VonderBrink, “Architectural Phenomenology: Towards A Design Methodology Of Person And Place,” (Thesis, Miami University, 2007).33 Noel Dowley, “Church of St. Mary, Cong Co. Mayo,” The Arts in Ireland (1980): 57-60.

16. Interior Photograph,St. Mary’s Church, Cong, Noel Dowley, 1972-1973.Note how the architect retains the existing Harry Clarke windows in the existing wall, and thus how he creates the space around it.

Chapter Two: Kahn’s Influence on Shane De Blacam

Kahn’s Influence on Shane De BlacamIt is 3pm on a busy Wednesday afternoon in 4 St. Catherine’s Lane West. The Summer sunlight is seeping into the meeting room, and one can hardly catch a breath. I open the sliding door and a swoosh of air lifts the pages violently that Shane has arranged. He is not to pleased but he refocuses on his work. He and Chloe are in discussing one of the pages that I had been working on. The project is the Trinity Atrium and Dining Hall Restoration, and he seems happy with the way it is laid out. Apparently it shows everything he

knows about timber panelling, I breathe a sigh of relief.

Shane De Blacam is one of Ireland’s most respected contemporary archi-tects. In 1976 he formed a partnership John Meagher. While it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss Meagher’s early career in the same detail as De Blacam, it is however difficult to describe one without the other. Their personalities, interests, experiences compliment each other. In terms of ar-chitecture they both share a passion for the truthful application of materials and craft, and one will never find laminates, plastics or other trendy materi-als in their work34. Both architects have studied abroad and have sought throughout their careers to mould their experiences to the Irish context. De Blacam studied for example studied architecture in UCD between 1963-68, and subsequently went on to study at Masters level under Louis Kahn at Penn 1979-72. During his time here he also worked in Kahn’s office and this influence is quite apparent in his work. Meagher on the other hand studied in Dublin Institute of Technology between 1966-71, before studying in Helsinki University of Technology between 1971-72. During his time here he absorbed much of the influence of Asplund, Aalto and Lewerentz. He also worked in Philadelphia for Venturi Scott brown, but rejected this influ-ence in favour of his earlier Scandinavian influence. When they returned to Ireland in the 1970s they met up in the halls of UCD, and shortly after they formed a partnership centred around creating an architecture of craft and substance.35

De Blacam’s time studying and working under Kahn in Philadelphia was, like most things in history one of chance. Before he left for America to study under Kahn, he studied architecture in UCD. It was in the design studio of UCD where Dowley and De Blacam first met. During our conversation Dowley recalls De Blacam as a conscientious student who had an admiration for Mies Van Der Rohe. When he graduated 34 John Tuomey, “Import/ Export,” in 20th Century Architecture Ireland, (Frankfurt: Prestel Verlag, 1997), 79-82.35 Kenneth Frampton, ed. Tom de Paor et.al. The Culture of materials in the work of De Blacam and Meagher: An Appraisal, Irlanda: of de Blacam and Meagher (Dublin: Gall Editions 2010 ) 76.

17.Perspective Sketch, Yale Center For British Art, Philadelphia, Louis Kahn.While Kahn was a profusely talented illustrator, De Blacam’s line work has a more literal, directness when compared to Kahn’s.

in 1968, he approached Dowley for a reference. His aim was to study under Mies at Illinois Institute of Technology. Perhaps he felt a reference from Dowley would enhance his application to study under the man in which he admired. While discussing such matters, Dowley informed him that everybody over there was doing glass boxes. There was a whole genera-tion of students in America learning to do what Mies had done. Instead he pointed De Blacam in the direction of Louis Kahn, who was still teaching at University of Pennsylvania, advising him:

“If you want to find your own way in architecture, you have to go to the source and discover Louis Kahn.”36

This reference proved to be quite valuable as it gained him employment in Kahn’s office during his time at Penn. Here he worked on projects such as the Yale Centre for British and the Exeter Library, and it is the details of these two buildings which predominately feature in his own work [fig18.]. Like De Blacam, Kahn in his early career was inspired by Mies and much of the modern movement, but departed from this Modernist influence when he took up residence in Rome in the 1950s. The nature of his work is a result of his time here travelling and sketching, after which Kahn realised that architecture had become thinny. When he returned to America his architec-ture began to show an elemental presence, where mass, light and the ma-terial reigned supreme.37 By the time De Blacam and Dowley experienced Kahn in Philadelphia he was at the height of his architectural prowess. While one could discuss a multitude of De Blacam and Meagher’s buildings, it is perhaps more appropriate to focus on two of their early projects where Kahn’s influence is quite pure i.e. Firhouse Chapel and the Taoiseach’s House. Firhouse Chapel in County Dublin (1976-8) is one of the practices first major projects [fig 19 and 20]. It is quite an unusual church design, unlike most religious institutions which point towards the sky in epic splendour like an antenna to heaven, this interven-tion spreads itself across the land horizontally. This humble egalitarian gesture reduces God to a more human scale, ultimately creating a subtle monument for the community. Kahn’s influence is apparent in the applica-tion of simple connecting volumes, the appropriate use of materials and the

36 Noel Dowley. Interview by Paul Govern. Digital Recording. Interview at his home in South Dublin, February 17, 2012.37 Eugene Johnson, “The Drawings of 1928-29,” in Drawn from the Source: The Travel Sketches of Louis Kahn (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996), 1-11.

19. Perspective, Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Firhouse, Co. Dublin, De Blacam & Meagher 1976-8.Here we can see De Blacam’s intention create a man made space and order nature within it. He omits the timber facades in order to convey a message for the project. Structure, nature, enclosure and light all have a place in the spiritual experience.

18. Plan, Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Firhouse, Co. Dublin, De Blacam & Meagher, 1976-8. Note the manner in which the church is divided up into a twelve square grid. Off this grid all aspects of the project are ordered, included nature. The surrounding wall creates a secret garden, thus transporting the pilgrim to a space where he/she can form a dialogue with god.

ceiling structure which echoes the ceiling of Kahn’s First Unitarian Church in Rochester and the Exeter Library [fig 20-21]. In plan the chapel is divided into twelve cubic volumes. Six of these volumes unite to form a cruciform layout, creating a centrepiece out of the altar. Five of the remaining six volumes form a series of courtyards which surround the internal spaces, while the remaining volume forms the transition between the suburb and the chapel. The wall which surrounds the chapel is an aggressive stance against the featureless context of Dublin’s suburban context. In doing so De Blacam and Meagher create a series of spaces which disconnect it from the surrounding landscape. This creates an internalized environment by which curtain walling connects the interior and exterior in a distinctly Mie-san fashion. The surrounding wall is much more than a suburban gesture, it relates to a wider Kahnian vision of a community. Kahn believed that the religious institution was an essential place within which the community could congregate.

“It is what the space wants to be: a place to assemble under a tree.”

In the context of this project, the walls of the chapel enclose the space like a shelter within an Irish Bawn (walled garden), thus denying a visual con-nection between the interior and the rest of the neighbourhood. In terms of Irish architecture, this was one of the first projects which relates to its sur-rounding context, softening thus the Modernist narrative in Ireland, as Kahn had done previously in America.38

In 1979 a competition was launched by the Irish Government, seeking a design for the Taoiseach’s Residence [fig.

22-23]. The site was set in the North West corner of the Phoenix Park in Dub-lin, along the long diagonal route of Chesterfield Avenue. De Blacam and Meagher came second in this competition, narrowly losing out to an entry by Evans and Shalev of London. The project is perhaps best remembered for the eye catching proposals of Zaha Hadid and Rem Koolhaas [fig. 24-25], however it was the Dublin based firms entry which signalled the arrival of a new localised Irish architecture.39 The proposal itself was quite simple architecturally and graphically. It was laid out on eight sheets of a3 trace, 38 Simon Walker, ed. Tom de Paor et.al. “Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Firhouse, De Blacam & Meagher, 1979,” Irlanda: of de Blacam and Meagher (Dublin: Gall Editions 2010 ) 76.39 Raymund Ryan, ed. Tom de Paor et.al. The Taoiseach’s House Dublin 1979, Irlanda: of de Blacam and Meagher (Dublin: Gall Editions 2010 ) 75.

20. Interior Photograph, Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Firhouse, Co. Dublin, De Blacam & Meagher 1976-8. Note the X beam ceiling detail which he learnt from his time working on the Exeter Library with Louis Kahn.

21. Photograph of the Internal Atrium, Exeter Library, Louis Kahn. In Exeter Kahn forms a material separation between the exterior and the interior.

22. Plans, Proposal for the Taoiseach’s Residence, Phoenix Park Dublin (unbuilt), De Blacam and Meagher Architects, 1979.

23.Interior/ Exterior Drawings, Proposal for the Taoiseach’s Residence, Phoenix Park Dublin (unbuilt), De Blacam and Meagher Archite cts, 1979.

orientated in landscape to express the horizontal nature of the project. Unlike the graphic communication of many of the other entrants, this entry relies on the simplicity of it’s lineweights and hatching, showcasing a mastery of the methods he learnt from his time with Kahn. While there was always an abstract realism in Kahn’s drawings, De Blacam here crafts the line with a greater accuracy, honouring it and conveying the essence of the material, light and shadow in a more fundamental way. In plan for example we not only see the furniture, but each paving slab in their apparent basket weave pattern. Across the entire presentation there is a level of detail which is rarely seen in contemporary competitions.40 If it had of been built it would have sat on the grassy swath of the Phoenix Park, with the glazing in the enclosure framing views of the city and the Wicklow Mountains. Both the plan and section reveal quite a simple building, comprising of a series of rectilinear and cubic volumes. This architecture of halls and volumes is akin to Kahn’s Esherick House (1961) and on larger scale the Yale Centre for British Art (1974). One can also see Kahn’s ordering of served and served spaces, which push all the undesirable elements of the scheme to one side, thus enhancing the main spaces. There is also strong influence of the Irish vernacular here. The spirit of old houses such as Beaulieu house near Drogheda in Co. Louth exists, and is also another two storey house with double height volumes. The manner in which the light enters such chambers in these old houses, and the effect this has on the stone floors is apparent in their proposal. Their entry also specified Irish hand made furniture, art, colourful Ulster quilts and oak as one of the main materials, sourced from Abbeyleix in County Laois. The tall light filled volumes, the warm clean interior, and the honest use of materials, all of which wraps itself around the Kahnian influence. What is interesting about the project is its spatial and graphical ambitions, which the practice subsequently developed over the succeeding decades.41 Simply put they create simple buildings which are influenced but not dominated by the surrounding con-text, but instead stand firm and proud of the craft which has been instilled within them. In doing so they have always created buildings which embody an archaic sense of Irishness.42

40 Kenneth Frampton, ed. Tom de Paor et.al. The Culture of materials in the work of De Blacam and Meagher: An Appraisal, Irlanda: of de Blacam and Meagher (Dublin: Gall Editions 2010 ) 76.41 Raymund Ryan, ed. Tom de Paor et.al. The Taoiseach’s House Dublin 1979, Irlanda: of de Blacam and Meagher (Dublin: Gall Editions 2010 ) 75.42 John Tuomey, “Import/ Export,” in 20th Century Architecture Ireland, (Frankfurt: Prestel Verlag,

24. Proposal Drawings, Proposal for the Taoiseach’s Residence, Phoenix Park Dublin (unbuilt), Zaha Hadid, 1979.

25.Proposal Drawings, Proposal for the Taoiseach’s Residence, Phoenix Park Dublin (unbuilt), Rem Koolhass, 1979.

26. Self Portrait of Louis Kahn, Louis Kahn, 1949.In 1950 he took up residency in Rome, subsequently discovering his own narrative studying the ruins of Europe. This drawing was drawn a year prior to this, and artisically the scattered line strokes suggests a man troubled with his own identity, appearance and self. The continu-ity in his work perhaps reflects this, and a trait which the work of these two Irish architects processes.

Conclusion

Kahn’s legacy to Irish architecture was largely not a stylistic one, as much of his work was outside of such trends. Instead it had a deeper meaning than much of the architecture of the 1960s and 70s. While there are other points of reference during the 20th century, he provided these two Irish architects with the means in which they could find their own identity. Per-haps too his legacy is an architecture of substance and meaning? During my interview with Dowley, has was keen to point out the magazine culture which surrounds the student nowadays. A culture which by and large forms the students apprehension of architecture.43 Kahn never believed in such pretences, he always believed in finding the essence of that which he investigated.44 In doing so he found what the answer meant to him, which in a way is another form of identity [fig. 26], a trait which I believe is apparent in these two architects and their work. In the 1980s recession there was a brief investigation into the local vernacular in order to find a distinct Irish narrative. This was largely in response to the 1980s recession, where many of Dowley’s students from UCD travelled abroad to find employment after graduation. When they returned they began to ask similar questions of the local vernacular which Dowley and De Blacam had done previously.45 How-ever these examinations were of a far greater scale and as a result their interventions often became yielded to a localised context. The economic boom of the last two decades, coined as the Celtic Tiger disrupted much of this soul-searching. During this time there was a shift in attitudes away from traditional values towards consumerism. In many ways the Irish people lost their identity, something which I feel is reflected in contemporary Irish Architecture. Traditionally Ireland is known for its famous literary scholars, language and intricate handcrafts, yet contemporary architects rarely refer to these sources. Perhaps now is the time to reconnect these values in our work, in order to revitalise this troubled industry. The past century in Irish architecture shows us too, the importance of the student within the profes-sion. Wherever they go en masse in this recession will, I have no doubt an influence on Irish Architecture in the 21st century.1997), 79-82.43 Noel Dowley. Interview by Paul Govern. Digital Recording. Interview at his home in South Dublin, February 17, 2012.44 Eugene Johnson, “The Drawings of 1928-29,” in Drawn from the Source: The Travel Sketches of Louis Kahn, 34-110. 45 Niall McCullough, Lost Tradition: The Nature of Architecture in Ireland (Cork: Gandon Editions, 1989), 1-12.

Bibliography:

Becker, Annette et al. 20th Century Architecture Ireland, (Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1997).

Campbell, Hugh. “Irish Identity and the Architecture of the New State,” in 20th Century Architecture Ireland, ed. Annette Becker et al. Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1997.

J.R Curtis, William. “On Monuments and Monumentality: Louis Kahn,” in Modern Architecture Since 1900, London: Phaidon, 1982.

Dowley, Noel. “Church of St. Mary, Cong Co. Mayo,” The Arts in Ireland, 1980.

Dowley, Noel.“Excuse me Mr. Dooley, are you an Archetek?” Building Material AAI Winter 2005.

Dowley, Noel. Interview by Paul Govern. Digital Recording. Interview at his home in South Dublin, February 17, 2012.

Dowley, Noel. “Profile.” Column Magazine, 1981.

Frampton, Kenneth. ed. de Paor, Tom et.al. The Culture of materials in the work of De Blacam and Meagher: An Appraisal, Irlanda: of de Blacam and Meagher. Dublin: Gall Editions 2010.

Goldhagen, Sarah Williams. “Techno- Organic Symbols of Community,” in Louis Kahn’s Situated Modernism. London: Yale University Press, 2001.

Goldhagen, Sarah Williams. “Kahn and American Modernism: The Search for Community and the Turn Towards Monumentality,” in Louis Kahn’s Situated Modernism. London: Yale University Press, 2001.

Lamour, Paul. Free State Architecture: Modern Movement Architecture in Ireland, 1922-1949. Cork: Gandon Editions, 2009.

Johnson, Eugene. Drawn From The Source; The Travel Sketches of Louis Kahn. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996.

A. Lappin, Sarah. Full Irish New Irish Architecture. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2009.

Leslie, Thomas. “Yale University Gallery,” in Louis Kahn Building Art, Building Science. New York: George Braziller inc, 2005.

McCullough, Niall. Lost Tradition: The Nature of Architecture in Ireland. Cork: Gandon Editions, 1989.

Olley, John. “Workshop at New Dock Galway” in 20th Century Architecture Ireland, ed. Annette Becker et al. Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1997.

O’Reilly, John. “Architecture in Ireland prior to 1900,” in 20th Century Architecture Ireland, ed. Annette Becker et al. Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1997. Pai, Hyungmin. The Portfolio and the Diagram: Architecture, Discourse and Modernity in America. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002.

Rattenbury, Kester. Robert Bevan et al, Architects Today. London: Lawerence Publishing, 2004.

Ryan, Raymund ed. de Paor, Tom et.al. “The Taoiseach’s House Dublin 1979,” Irlanda: of de Blacam and Meagher. Dublin: Gall Editions 2010.

Tuomey, John. “Import/ Export,” in 20th Century Architecture Ireland, ed. Annette Becker et al. Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1997.

Thomas VonderBrink, David. “Architectural Phenomenology: Towards A Design Methodology Of Person And Place.” Thesis, Miami University, 2007.

Walker, Simon ed. de Paor, Tom et.al. “Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Firhouse, De Blacam & Meagher, 1979,” Irlanda: of de Blacam and Meagher. Dublin: Gall Editions 2010.

List of Illustrations:Title Page/ Inside Cover, Louis Kahn talking to Students at the School of Architecture Zurich. February 12 1969, B&W Photograph, 25 x 10cm. From: Heinz Ronner, Sharad Jhaveri, Louis I. Kahn Complete Works 1935- 1974, page 6.

Chapter One Illustration, “Why Kahn Should Be Celebrated As Our Architect,” SFGate, Digital Image. Available from: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/09/08/DDGKGEJCIG1.DTL (accessed April 20, 2012.)

Chapter Two Illustration, De Blacam, Shane. “Sketch of Cork Institute of Technology,”

1. Schuckert, Siemens. Ardnacrusha Hydro Electric Power Dam, Co. Clare. 1925-9, Aerial Photograph, 13 x 8.5cm. From: Paul Lamour, Free State Architecture: Modern Movement Architecture in Ireland, 1922-1949 (Cork: Gandon Editions, 2009). Plate 12.

2. Keating, Seán. Night’s Candles are Burnt. 1928-29, Oil on Canvas, 10.5 x 8.5cm. From: Hugh Campbell, Irish Identity and the Architecture of the New State” in 20th Century Architecture Ireland, ed Annette Becker et al. (Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1997). Plate 1.

3. Kahn, Louis. Exterior Window of The Norman Fisher House. 1960-69, B&W Photograph, 10 x 5cm. From: Pierson William Booher, “Louis I. Kahn’s Fisher House: A Case Study On The Architectural Detail And Design Intent” (Thesis, University of Pennslyvania, 2009), Plate 13.

4. De Blacam & Meagher Architects. Interior Window Seat of One Castle Street, Dublin. 1997-99, B&W Photograph, 12 x 5cm. From: Nicole Dearey, Irish Architectural Review Vol.2 2000 (Kinsale: Gandon Editions, 2000), 20.

5. Dowley, Noel. Exterior Photograph of Ballybrack Housing Co-operative. 1968-1973, B&W Photograph, 4.5 x 3.5cm. From: Noel Dowley, “Excuse me Mr. Dooley, are you an Archetek?” Building Material AAI (Winter 2005), Plate 1.

6. Dowley, Noel. Exterior Photograph, Kilfrush Houses. 1970, B&W Photograph, 4.5 x 3.5cm. From: Noel Dowley, “Excuse me Mr. Dooley, are you an Archetek?” Building Material AAI (Winter 2005), Plate 2.

7. Dowley, Noel. Exterior Photograph of Woodroofe Houses. 1970-1971. B&W Photograph, 4.5 x 3.5cm. From: Noel Dowley, “Excuse me Mr. Dooley, are you an Archetek?” Building Material AAI (Winter 2005), Plate 3.

8. Tyng, Anne. Project For an Elementary School, Anne Tyng, 1928-29. B&W Photograph, 13x 6.5cm. From: Thomas Leslie, “Yale University Gallery,” in Louis Kahn Building Art, Building Science (New York: George Braziller inc, 2005), Plate 6, 61.

9. Kahn’s Slide Of The Fuller Studio At Yale, 1952. Digital Image. From: Sarah Williams Ksiazek, “Critiques of Liberal Individualism: Louis Kahn’s Civic Projects, 1947-57,” Thesis, Harvard University, 1996. Jstor.

10. Interior Photograph, Yale Art Gallery, Louis Kahn, Pennslyvania 2009, Digital Image. From: McGraw Hill, http://construction.com/community/publicphoto.aspx?plckPhotoID=7688b86e-17d7-4edc-bd6e-836ed40a1d14&plckGalleryID=47766f8a-9f91-4eb0-a4e6-5c8d3580dd99 (accessed April 20, 2012).

11. Exterior Photograph, Workshop at New Dock. 1976-1977, Color Photograph, 10 x 6cm. From: 20th Century Architecture Ireland, ed Annette Becker et al. (Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1997). Plate 1, 147.

12. Personal Sketch. 2012, Ink on Trace, 10 x 6cm.

13. Dowley, Noel. Plans, Workshop at New Dock, Noel Dowley. 1976-1977, Color Photograph, 12 x 10cm. From: 20th Century Architecture Ireland, ed Annette Becker et al. (Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1997). Plate 3, 147.

14. Dowley, Noel. Interior Photograph, Workshop at New Dock, Interior.1976-1977, Color Photograph, 6 x 10cm. From: 20th Century Architecture Ireland, ed Annette Becker et al. (Munich: Prestel Verlag, 1997). Plate 2, 147.

15. Dowley, Noel. Exterior Photograph, Church of St. Mary, Cong Co. Mayo. 1972-73, B&W Photograph, 9 x 9cm. From: The Arts in Ireland, “Church of St. Mary, Cong Co. Mayo,” Noel Dowley. 1973. Plate 5, 57-60.

16. Dowley, Noel. Interior Photograph, Church of St. Mary, Cong Co. Mayo. 1972-73, B&W Photograph, 19 x 15cm. From: The Arts in Ireland, “Church of St. Mary, Cong Co. Mayo,” 1973. Plate 5, 57-60.

17. Kahn, Louis. Perspective Sketch, Yale Center For British Art, Philadelphia. 1969-72, Pencil on Trace, 30 x 30cm. From: Heinz Ronner, Louis Kahn Complete Works 1935-74. Plate 8, 379.

18. De Blacam, Shane. Plan, Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Firhouse, Co. Dublin, De Blacam & Meagher Architects. 1976-8, Pencil on Trace, 42 x 29.7cm. From: Drawings, Irlanda: of de Blacam and Meagher (Dublin: Gall Editions 2010), Plate 5.

19. De Blacam, Shane. Perspective, Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Firhouse, Co. Dublin, De Blacam & Meagher Architects. 1976-8, Digital Image. From: De Blacam and Meagher Architects,http://www.deblacamandmeagher.com/project-firhouse-church-11-11.html (accessed April 20, 2012).

20. De Blacam, Shane. Interior Photograph, Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Firhouse, Co. Dublin, De Blacam & Meagher Architects. 1976-8, Digital Image. From: De Blacam and Meagher Architects, http://www.deblacamandmeagher.com/project-firhouse-church-11-6.html (accessed April 20, 2012).

21. Photograph of the Internal Atrium, Exeter Library, Louis Kahn. 1965-71, Digital Image. From: Annoymous_Architecture, http://anonymousarchitecture.wordpress.com/2011/01/09/philip-exeter-library/ (accessed April 20, 2012).

22. De Blacam, Shane. Plans, Proposal for the Taoiseach’s Residence, Phoenix Park Dublin (unbuilt), De Blacam and Meagher Architects, 1979. Pencil on Trace, 42 x 29.7cm. From: Drawings, Irlanda: of de Blacam and Meagher (Dublin: Gall Editions 2010), Plate 8.

23. De Blacam, Shane. Interior/ Exterior Drawings, Proposal for the Taoiseach’s Residence, Phoenix Park Dublin (unbuilt), De Blacam and Meagher Architects, 1979. Pencil on Trace, 42 x 29.7cm. From: Drawings, Irlanda: of de Blacam and Meagher (Dublin: Gall Editions 2010), Plate 8.

24. Hadid, Zaha. Proposal Drawings, Proposal for the Taoiseach’s Residence, Phoenix Park Dublin (unbuilt). 1979. Zaha Hadid Architects, From: http://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/irish-prime-ministers-residence/ (accessed April 23, 2012).

25. Koolhaas, Rem. Proposal Drawings, Proposal for the Taoiseach’s Residence, Phoenix Park Dublin (unbuilt)1979. Rem Koolhaas, From: OMA, http://oma.eu/projects/1979/irish-prime-minister-s-residence (accessed April 23, 2012).

26. Self Portrait of Louis Kahn, Louis Kahn. 1949, Pencil on Trace, 6.5 x 9cm. From: Sarah Williams Goldhagen, in Louis Kahn’s Situated Modernism. London: Yale University Press, 2001 Plate 13, 54.

House For a Guitar Maker Iveagh Gardens Dublin

Response to Brief:The Client is a talented Luthier who wishes to relocate his family and business interests to Dublin. He requires a new workshop for himself and one other Luthier, a selling point where he can exhibit his craft to others, a place where two guests can live simul-taneously for up to two weeks, and accommodation for his wife and four children. In many ways the design reflects the personality of Mr. McIllroy, and in turn the architectural context of the city. My dissertation topic was quite influential on this project, titled: “Louis Kahn’s influence on Two Irish Architects.” One project by Shane De Blacam (a former student and employee of Kahn) sums up this interest of mine. In 1979 De Blacam and Meagher created a proposal for the Taoiseach’s House in the Phoenix Park. The project itself encapsulates the essence of many of the old Irish country houses, in its application of simple volumes and light. Like the Taoiseach’s House, the key to my proposal is the appropriateness of the building to its context, subtle use of materials, and its ability to relate to both the city of Dublin and the Iveagh Gardens; of which it is situated at the south east corner of.

Context Maps

1.2500 Roof Plan In Urban Context 1.500 Ground Floor Plan In Context

1.1500 Roof Plan In Context

Context Maps

1.2500 Roof Plan In Urban Context 1.500 Ground Floor Plan In Context

1.1500 Roof Plan In Context

NTS Roof Plan In Urban Context NTS Ground Floor Plan In Context

NTS Roof Plan In Context

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NTS Basement Workshop

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NTS Ground Floor Plan In Context

NTS West Elevation In Context

NTS Section B-B In Context

NTS North Elevation In Context

NTS Section C-C In Context

NTS South Elevation In Context

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Two Point Perspective Along Hatch Street

One Point Perspective of Family Living Spaces

One Point Perspective of Workshop One Point Perspective of Atrium

Master Bedroom & Study

Playing Space