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A VIRTUAL TOUR OF AN ACADEMIC HOSPITAL:
FOCUS ON INFECTION PREVENTION ISSUES
David J. Weber, M.D., M.P.H.
Emily E. Sickbert-Bennett, PhD, MS, CIC
Department of Infection Prevention
University of North Carolina, Medical Center
Thanks to Ms. Melissa Englund for taking the pictures. Thanks to the following for slide or review of presentation: Mark Buchanan,
Jessica Clark, Lisa Teal
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WELCOME
TO A VIRTUAL TOUR OF UNC MEDICAL CENTER
UNC Medical Center is an academic medical center;
it is part of the Medical School, University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill; part of UNC Health (11 hospitals, 13 hospital
campuses, 33,0000 employees, 3.5 million clinic visits, 100,000
surgeries, 5,400 medical staff)
• Established 1952, public hospital
• Includes NC Memorial Hospital, NC Children’s Hospital, NC
Neurosciences Hospital, and NC Women’s Hospital
• ~950 beds
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KEY INFECTION CONTROL PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS
Appropriate hand hygiene (WHO 5 moments)
Appropriate surface disinfection
Proper disinfection or sterilization of shared equipment and medical devices
◼ Separate clean and dirty utility rooms on clinical floors
Early identification and isolation of patients with known or suspected communicable diseases
Special infection prevention policies in operating rooms, pharmacy preparation rooms, procedure rooms,
and intensive care units
Use of standard precautions with ALL patients to prevent contact with potentially contaminated body fluids
(i.e., use of personal protective equipment; gloves, gowns, mask, and/or eye protection)
Healthcare personnel
◼ Pre-exposure prophylaxis of healthcare personnel (MMR, varicella, influenza, hepatitis B)
◼ Post-exposure evaluation for post-exposure prophylaxis
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INFECTION PREVENTION:
CRITICAL AREAS OF THE HOSPITAL
Hospital rooms: Hand antisepsis, patient isolation, surface disinfection
Clean and dirty utility rooms
Airborne isolation rooms
COVID-19 high-risk containment area
Central sterile processing (sterilization, high level disinfection)
Operating rooms
Water damage remediation
Construction and renovation
Pharmacy
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TYPICAL MEDICAL FLOOR
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TYPICAL FLOOR ROOMS
Floor room, isolation sign on door, isolation cart containing PPE outside
the door, alcohol waterless product readily available
Sickbert-Bennett EE, et al. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22:1628-1630
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Transmission-Based Precautions SignsFollow the instructions on the door signs, and if you are unsure of what to do, please ask the patient’s nurse
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ROLE OF CONTAMINATED ROOM SURFACES IN
HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
Surfaces are frequently contaminated-~25%
Key HAI pathogens can persist for days to weeks (for C.
difficile for months): MRSA, VRE, P. aeruginosa,
Acinetobacter
Contact with surfaces results in hand/glove contamination
Terminal room cleaning/disinfection frequently incomplete
leading to persistent surface contamination
Evidence demonstrates contaminated surfaces lead to HAIs
(patients admitted to a room where the previous patient had
a MDRO have a higher risk for an HAI with that pathogen)
Surface disinfection reduces contamination which then
reduces the risk of HAIs
Weber, Kanamori, Rutala. Curr Op Infect Dis 2016:29:424-431
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TERMINAL ROOM DISINFECTION
Note “splash” shield next to sink to prevent contamination of
adjacent surfaces
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OTHER IMPORTANT SURFACES
Curtains frequently contaminated with MDROs. Possible solutions: disposable
curtains, antimicrobial curtains, routine disinfection of grab area. Rutala WA, et
al. ICHE 2014;42:426
Shared patient items may transmit MDROs. Possible solution: Assess
cleaning (fluorescent dye, ATP) with feedback, UV-C disinfection.
Donskey C. AJIC 2019;47S:A90
Floors contaminated with MDROs. May serve as source for contaminating
socks and shoes leading to dissemination. Possible solutions: EVS
education, use disinfectant on floors, UV-C. Donskey C. AJIC 2019;47S:A90
Fabric covered chairs may be contaminated with MDROs leading to transmission
among patients. Possible solution: Use only non-porous furniture in hospital to
facilitate cleaning & disinfection. Noskins GA, et al. AJIC 2000;28:311.
Done at UNC-MC
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SURFACE DISINFECTION BUNDLE
Standardize cleaning/disinfection of patient rooms and shared equipment/devices throughout the hospital
Develop check list for who is responsible for c/d of room surfaces and devices (i.e., EVS and nursing)
All touchable room surfaces disinfected daily, when spills occur and when the surfaces are visibly soiled
Terminal disinfection when patient discharged from room: Complete cleaning/disinfection
All noncritical medical devices should be disinfected daily and when soiled
Clean and disinfectant sink and toilet
Damp mop floor with disinfectant-detergent
If disinfectant prepared on-site, document correct concentration
Address treatment time/contact time for wipes and liquid disinfectants (e.g., treatment time for wipes is the
kill time and includes a wet time via wiping as well as the undisturbed time)
Monitor cleaning effectiveness (e.g., fluorescent dye) with immediately feedback
Consider use of room disinfection devices (e.g., UV-C) for MDROs
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“NO TOUCH” METHODS OF TERMINAL ROOM
DISINFECTION
Methods: UV devices, Hydrogen peroxide systems
Advantages of “no touch” terminal disinfection
◼ Demonstrated to decrease microbial contamination on surfaces and medical devices
◼ Demonstrated to reduce HAIs (UV only)
◼ Eliminates human failure to disinfect all surfaces
◼ Residual free and safe for the environment
Disadvantages
◼ Room cleaning still required
◼ Substantial purchase costs
◼ Cannot be used with persons in the room
◼ Slows room turnoverWeber DJ, et al. Opin Clin Infect Dis 2016;29:424-431
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PREVENTING TRANSMISSION
OF AIRBORNE PATHOGENS
Key infections: Measles, varicella, pulmonary
tuberculosis; highly communicable emerging
infections – COVID-19, MERS, avian influenza
Key mitigation: Use of an airborne isolation room
for patients AND proper use of personal
protective equipment (PPE)
◼ US room standards: >12 air exchanges per hour, direct out-exhausted air, negative pressure,
anteroom
◼ PPE for healthcare providers: N95 respirator (for
some diseases eye protection may be added, e.g., COVID-19) or an air purified respirator
CDC, https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/pdf/guidelines/environmental-guidelines-P.pdf
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AIRBORNE ISOLATION ROOM WITH ANTEROOM
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TISSUE TEST TO ASSESS WHETHER A ROOM IS
NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE PRESSURE
If tissue blows into the room, the room
has negative pressure
If tissue blows out of the room, the room
has positive pressure
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“CLEAN” UTILITY ROOM
No contaminated materials allowed in the room
All shelves wire mesh to prevent dust buildup on
flat surfaces
Bottom shelf above the floor to allow cleaning
Top shelf below the ceiling so as not to obstruct
the fire suppression system
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“DIRTY” UTILITY ROOM
No clean/sterile supplies allowed
Hopper for disposal of liquid wastes (e.g., body
fluids)
Handwashing sinks should NEVER be used to
dispose of body wastes or contaminated fluids
Note “splash” shield next to sink to prevent
contamination of adjacent surfaces
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COVID HIGH-RISK CONTAINMENT AREA
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KEY ISSUES INFECTION PREVENTION OF HIGHLY
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Environmental survival
Germicide susceptibility
Isolation recommendations: Special units; hot, warm
and cold zones; donning and doffing areas
Recommended personal protective equipment (including
PPE monitors)
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (availability, efficacy, safety)
Post-exposure prophylaxis (availability, efficacy, safety)
Recommended biosafety level in the laboratory
Recommended waste disposal (liquids and solids)
Weber DJ, et al. Am J Infect Control 2016;44:e91-e100; Gosden C, Gardner D. BMJ 2005;331:397
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COVID-19 UNIT
Hallway to COVID-19 restricted area Donning area prior to entering COVID-19 area Doffing area after leaving COVID area
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PANDEMIC PLANNING: NEED TO CONSIDER LOCATIONS FOR EVALUATING &
TREATING PATIENTS WITH HIGHLY COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AS OUTPATIENTS
Clinic rooms with variable airflow, positive or negative;
meet criteria for airborne isolation rooms
Ideally, should have direct access to outside the
hospital to minimize risk of transmission
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CENTRAL STERILE PROCESSING
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DESIGN OF A CENTRAL STERILE SERVICES AREA
https://www.sehd.scot.nhs.uk/publications/dsmid/dsimd-02.htm
See also: https://healthcarearchitecture.in/central-sterile-supply-department-planning-considerations/
CSS is divided into 3 zones to accomplish the
functions of decontamination, assembly and
sterile processing, and sterile storage and
distribution
◼ Decontamination zone
◼ Assembly/sterilization zone
◼ Storage and distribution zone
A distinct separation must be maintained between
the soiled and sterile areas. The technical staff
works on either the soiled side or the sterile side
and cannot cross from one side to the other
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CENTRAL STERILE PROCESSING AREA:
MANUAL CLEANING & WASHER DISINFECTOR
Washer-disinfector superior to manual cleaning. Eliminates
>7-log10 of bacteria and 4.8-log10 of spores
Rutala WA, Gergen MF, Weber DJ. ICHE 2014;35: 883-5
Sink for instrument cleaning
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CENTRAL STERILE PROCESSING AREA:
STEAM AND LOW TEMPERATURE STERILIZERS
Steam sterilization is the most robust method (i.e., fewest failures). Low temperature methods
may fail in presence of salt and serum: One study demonstrated that steam sterilization is the
most effective and had the largest margin of safety, followed by ethylene oxide and hydrogen
peroxide gas plasma, but vaporized hydrogen peroxide showed much less efficacy.
Rutala WA, Gergen M, Sickbert-Bennett EE, Weber DJ. ICHE 2020;41:391-395Low Temp Sterilizers
Steam sterilizers
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CENTRAL STERILE PROCESSING AREA:
INSTRUMENT ASSEMBY AND STORAGE
Equipment assembly Packaging of surgical trays
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CENTRAL STERILE PROCESSING AREA:
STORAGE OF SURVERY TRAYS AND TRANSPORT
Storage of surgical trays (wire mesh shelves to prevent accumulation of dust,
off the floor to allow dust to settle down, and allow cleaning of the floor Transport of surgical trays to OR (close cabinet)
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SATELLITE PHARMACY, UNC CANCER CENTER
Clean zone for donning/doffing, view into medication preparation area Sterile zone, pharmaceutical preparation area divided
into hazardous and non-hazardous drugs
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OPERATING ROOMS
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SURGICAL AREA:RESTRICTED ENTRY: CORRIDORS ARE SEMI-RESTRICTED AREA
PPE required to enter semi-restricted zone {Clean scrubs (or “bunny suit”), shoe covers, and hair covered}
Additional PPE (mask) required to enter restricted area (i.e., OR) if sterile trays open or procedure in progress
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SURGICAL AREA:
HAND HYGIENE SINKS FOR SURGICAL PERSONNEL AND OR
The OR is a “sterile” area: PPE (within the surgical field) includes pre-surgical scrub, sterile gloves and gown, all facial hair covered,
shoe covers, eye protection
OR: Should be easy to clean and disinfect; all equipment in closed cabinets; “sterile” items opened just before surgery
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SURGICAL AREA:
POST-ACUTE CARE RECOVERY AREA AND ISOLATION ROOMS
PACU should have isolation rooms for patients requiring contact or
droplet/airborne isolation
PACU bays
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WATER DAMAGE AND REMEDIATION
CONSTRUCTION AND RENOVATION MANAGEMENT
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WATER DAMAGE WITH MOLD:
BEFORE AND DURING REMEDIATION
Mold on drywall (under wallboard) Bathroom tile and drywall removed. Leaking water pipe replaced
Pictures curtesy of Mark Buchanan, RN
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WATER DAMAGE WITH MOLD:
AFTER REMEDIATION
Final remediation
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REMEDIATION AFTER SEWAGE INTRUSION, FLOODING,
OR OTHER WATER-RELATED EMERGENCIES
Close off affected areas during cleanup procedures. Category II
Ensure that the sewage system is fully functional before beginning remediation so contaminated solids and standing
water can be removed. Category II
If hard-surface equipment, floors, and walls remain in good repair, ensure that these are dry within 72 hours; clean with
detergent according to standard cleaning procedures. Category II
Clean wood furniture and materials (if still in good repair); allow them to dry thoroughly before restoring varnish or other
surface coatings. Category II
Contain dust and debris during remediation and repair as outlined in air recommendations (Air: II G 4, 5). Category II
Regardless of the original source of water damage (e.g., flooding versus water leaks from point-of-use fixtures or roofs), remove wet, absorbent structural items (e.g., carpeting, wallboard, and wallpaper) and cloth furnishings if they cannot
be easily and thoroughly cleaned and dried within 72 hours (e.g., moisture content ≤20% as determined by moisture
meter readings); replace with new materials as soon as the underlying structure is declared by the facility engineer to
be thoroughly dry. Category IB
https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/pdf/guidelines/environmental-guidelines-P.pdf
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CONSTRUCTION SITES, UNC:
OUTSIDE (NEW SURGICAL TOWER), INSIDE (RENOVATION)
Outside construction; major building project Inside renovation area
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HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED ASPERGILLOSIS
OUTBREAKS AND UNDERLYING CAUSE
Kanamori H, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61:433-44; CDC - https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/pdf/guidelines/environmental-guidelines-P.pdf
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CONTAINING INSIDE RENOVATIONS/CONSTRUCTION
Signage for construction/renovation sites; tacky floor mat for dust control
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USE OF A MOBILE DUST-CONTAINMENT CART TO REDUCE RISK OF
FUNGAL INFECTIONS DUIRNG ABOVE CEILING WORK
Buchanan MO, et al. ICHE 2020;9 Oct (on line)
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RISK MITIGATION
Kanamori H, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2015;61:433-44
See also: https://www.google.com/search?q=icra+construction+checklist&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiA6o3A2ZnvAhUCXlMKHZ1EAQwQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=ICRA&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAA6BAgAEBg6BggAEAoQGDoGCAAQCBAeOgcIABCxAxBDOgUIABCxA1CE
D1ijZWDwdWgIcAB4AIABTYgBzguSAQIyNZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=SG1CYICmDoK8zQKdiYVg&bih=805&biw=1600&client=firefox-b-1-d#imgrc=halPvcEddV5_VM
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THANK YOU FOR TOURING OUR
ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER!
UNC Medical Center
Devoted to excellent patient
care, research and teaching