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A Tour of the Cell, cont…
Last Time: The Nucleus and the Endomembrane System
Today: Other Organelles and the Cytoskeleton
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Cells need energy to work
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Sunlight photosynthesis ⏐ → ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ glucose
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Glucose cell respiration ⏐ → ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ATP
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ATP hydrolysis ⏐ → ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ADP + energy
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Figure 6.8 The structure and hydrolysis of ATP
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Chloroplasts in plant cells convert sunlight into chemical energy that will
be used to make ATP
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ATP is manufactured through cellular respiration that takes place in the mitochondria
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Peroxisomes
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H2 +O2 → H2O2
H2O2 +H2 → 2H2O
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The cytoskeleton
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MicrofilamentsActin
Two intertwined strands
• maintain cell shape by resisting tension
Actin subunit
Protein subunits
Structure
Functions
• motility via pseudopodia
• muscle contraction
• cell division in animals
7 nm
Intermediate filamentsKeratin, others
Fibers wound into thick cables
• anchor nucleus and some other organelles
Microtubules
-tubulin and -tubulin dimers
Hollow tube
Keratin subunits Tubulin dimer
• maintain cell shape by resisting compression
• motility via flagella/cilia
• move chromosomes during cell division
• move organelles
10 nm 25 nm
3 types of cytoskeletal structures
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Structure of kinesin
Tail
Stalk
Head
Motor molecules like kinesin, myosin, and dynein work with the cytoskeleton to produce
movement
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Transport vesicle
Kinesin
Microtubule
ATP ADP+Pi
Kinesin "walks" along a microtubule track
ATP ADP+Pi
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Microfilaments and Intermediate Filaments
Networks of filaments near the plasma membrane help to maintain a cell’s shape
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Microfilaments aid in motility
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Centrosome containing a pair of centrioles
Microtubules often grow out from the region called the centrosome
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Cilia Flagella
Cilia and Flagella move the entire cell
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TEM of flagella
Microtubule doublet
Cell membrane
Central pair
Outer doublet
Dynein
Spoke
Cilia and Flagella have a “9 +2” arrangement of microtubule doublets
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Ben
d
The motor protein Dynein “walks” along the microtubules within the flagella on one side,
causing bending
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Figure 7.23 A comparison of the beating of flagella and cilia
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Plant cells are surrounded by cell walls made of cellulose
Plasmodesmata connect adjacent plant cells
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Animal cells are connected through Intercellular junctions
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Review of an animal cell
(centrioles)
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Review of a plant cell