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A Short History ofDNA Technology
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The History Of DNA
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Miescher
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Miescher• 1869
• removed substance from pus off of old bandages
• had acid properties, came from nucleus
• called it “nucleic acid”
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Griffith
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1865
1928 - Frederick Griffith
BacterialStrain
Injection
Results
Living S cells
Living R cells
Heat killed S cells
Heat killed S cells mixed with living R cells
Living S cells in blood sample from dead mouse
capsule
Transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae
“Rough” colonies “Smooth” colonies
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Griffith• smooth and rough bacteria
• dead smooth could “transform” live rough cells
• “accidental” discovery
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Avery, MacLeod,McCarty
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1865
1944 - Avery, MacLeod & McCarty
Purified DNA as transforming factor
Oswald Avery
• Work not well-received• Protein more complex & better able to store information
Colin MacLeod Maclyn McCarty
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Avery, McLeod, McCarty• separated cellular molecules
• tested each for “transforming” abilities
• carbohydrates, lipids, proteins were ineffective
• only nucleic acids “transformed” the cells
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Hersheyand
Chase
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1865
1952 - Hershey & Chase
Viral DNA (not protein) programs cells
Martha Chase & Alfred Hershey
Bacteriophages
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1865
1952 - Hershey & Chase
T2 Phage
Bacterium
Radioactive protein (35S)
Radioactive phage infects bacterial cells
Blender separates protein coats from bacterial surface
Centrifuge and measure radioactivity in pellet and supernatant
Radioactivity in supernatant, but not pellet
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1865
1952 - Hershey & Chase
Radioactive DNA (32P)
Radioactivity in pellet, but not supernatant
Therefore, it is the viral DNA, and not protein, that programs cells to make copies of the virus.
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Hershey and Chase• chose “organism” composed only of
protein and nucleic acid
• infected cells with viruses tagged with radioisotopes
• tagged proteins were not transferred
• tagged nucleic acids were transferred
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Chargaff
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1865
1947 - Erwin Chargoff
DNA bases follow certain “rules”
• Base composition is species specific
• A = T, C = G for all species
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Chargaff• analyzed percentage of each base in DNA
samples
• found adenine % = thymine%
• found cytosine % = guanine %
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Wilkinsand
Franklin
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1865 1953 - Franklin & Wilkins
Elucidation of the helical nature of DNA
X-ray source
Crystallized DNA
Rosalind Franklin
Maurice Wilkins
Photographicfilm
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Wilkins and Franklin• X-ray crystallography on DNA to establish
shape, dimensions of molecule
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Watsonand
Crick 1953
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1953 - Watson & Crick1865
Description of the 3-D structure of DNA
Francis Crick & James Watson
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Watson and Crick• did no original research/ relied on work of
others
• analyzed X-ray crystallography, biochemistry
• hypothesized double-stranded helix in 1953
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1953 - Watson & Crick1865
What they deduced from:
Franklin’s X-ray data• Double helix• Uniform width of 2 nm• Bases stacked 0.34 nm apart
Chargoff’s “rules”• Adenine pairs with thymine• Cytosine pairs with guanine
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1953 - Watson & Crick1865
What they came up with on their own:
• Bases face inward, phosphates and sugars outward
• Hydrogen bonding
• Hinted at semi-conservative model for replication
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Review of Gel Electrophoresis and DNA Fingerprinting
Write questions and answers in your notes1)What section of the DNA molecule is
used for DNA fingerprinting?
2)How is the DNA polymer cut?
3) What factors determine how fast a segment of DNA migrates in the gel?
4) What is the purpose of the marker?