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A Review of Cellulosic Hydrocarbon, Drop-in Replacement and Infrastructure
Compatible Fuel Technologies
David BransbyCollege of Agriculture
Auburn University, Alabama, USA
Bio Pro Expo and IBBC ConferenceMarch 14-16, 2011, Atlanta, GA
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Objectives1) Establish personal credibility2) Indicate current status of biofuels in the
US3) Define Cellulosic Hydrocarbon, Drop-in
Replacement and Infrastructure Compatible Fuel Technologies
4) Describe different cellulosic hydrocarbon fuel technologies
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Personal Background
• Raised on a small dairy farm in South Africa• BSc & PhD, University of Natal, South Africa• MSc, University of Missouri – Columbia• Visiting Scientist, Texas Tech University, 1984• Immigrated in 1987• Became naturalized US citizen in 1992
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Credibility• 24 years in the bioenergy field• Research and development in all aspects of
energy crops, mainly switchgrass: production, harvesting, storage, pre-processing and transport.
• Considerable knowledge of conversion technologies and who has them.
• Briefed President Bush twice on the emerging cellulosic biofuels industry.
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Switchgrass1989
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Switchgrass1989 2008
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Current Status of Biofuels in the US
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Current Source of Ethanol
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Photographer unknown
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Photographer unknown
BIOMASS
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Cellulosic Ethanol Technologies
Source: US DOE, EERE
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Problems with Ethanol
• Only 66% of the energy content of gasoline
• Only 66% of the mileage of gasoline
• Therefore, only worth 66% of the price of gasoline
• Need E-85 cars• Need E-85 pumps
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Problems with Ethanol
• Can’t transport by pipeline• Need to transport by truck or
train• Difficulty in attaining “Advanced
Biofuel” status (60% GHG reduction compared to petroleum fuels) because fossil fuels needed to harvest and haul
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Drop-in Replacement Fuels• Cellulosic hydrocarbon fuels?• Gasoline, Diesel &Aviation fuel-- - - made from cellulosic biomass instead of oil• Have no problems in qualifying as “Advanced Biofuels” because they can be used in diesel trucks and equipment
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SASOL South Africa
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Drop-in Replacement Biofuels
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Depolymerization
Cellulose
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Depolymerization
Carbon-based Cellulose fragments
Catalyst
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Removal of Oxygen
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Repolymerization
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Repolymerization
↔ ↔ ↔
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Repolymerization
↔ ↔ ↔
Alkanes/ Hydrocarbons
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Gasoline: 6-12C
Hexane
Octane
Decane
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Diesel: 12-21C
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Aviation Fuel: 14-19C
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Some Companies Involved in Alkane/Hydrocarbon Production
• KiOR – www.kior.com• Virent – www.virent.com• Amyris – www.amyrisbiotech.com• LS9 – www.ls9.com• ClearFuels/Rentech www.clearfuels.com• MME – www.mmeag.de• Organic Fuel Technology
www.organicfueltechnology.com
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KiOR – www.kior.com
Appears to be leading in the race to commercialize
Just announced a $1 billion DOE loan guarantee term sheet for multiple plants in the Southeast
Broken ground for first 500 tpd plant in Columbus MS
Expect to start production 1st Qtr, 2012
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Opening Comments & Observations
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KiOR – www.kior.com
Catalytic process that produces a bio-oil which requires further refining.
Flexible with regard to feedstock, but starting with wood
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Virent – www.virent.com
A catalyst-based process that can produce the standard hydrocarbon fuels produced from petroleum
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Amyris – www.amyrisbiotech.comLS9 – www.ls9.com
Biological conversion of sugars to hydrocarbon fuels
Sugars need to be produced from biomass first
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ClearFuels/Rentechwww.clearfuels,com
Gasification followed by catalytic conversion to jet fuel and diesel.
First commercial plant scheduled for west Tennessee
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MMEAGPlant in Germany
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MMEAGPlant in Germany
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MMEAGPlant in Germany
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MMEAGPlant in Germany
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MMEAG Plant Specifications
• 1.3 million gal/yr capacity• $6 million capital• Regular drop-in replacement
diesel, from any biomass material• Production costs of less than
$2.00/gal
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Concluding on a Personal Note
• Innovation at the local level• Do not underestimate the
ingenuity of farmers• Do not underestimate the
future energy demand of Asia
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An Alabama farmer’s (Wayne Keith) idea of a true
drop-in replacement fuel
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-----------------------------◄
Auburn University and RES Renewable EnergyTour: Coast-to-Coast on Wood
and other biomass
-------------------------►...and Back!October ‘08
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Charleston, SC
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College Station, TX
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CollegeStation, TX
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Ardmore, Oklahoma
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Grand Canyon
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10,000 ft
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Golden Gate, San Francisco
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Key Conclusions
1. Until recently, farmers have possibly been the main driving force behind biofuel development in the US.
2. Cheap fossil energy has been a disencentive for biofuel development.
3. War in Iraq, hurricane damage to refineries and oil price hikes have changed the attitude to biofuels.
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Key Conclusions
4. The oil companies are getting involved5. Due to weaknesses related to ethanol,
research is expanding into cellulosic hydrocarbon fuels.
6. The US has enormous capability and resources for cellulosic biofuel production
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Thank you!
We can do it!