Download - A passage to India by E.M forester. Theories
The Most Influential Theories
(of The Modern Age)
Guidance1-Sigmund Freud.
2-Karl Marx.3-Charles Darwin.
4-Friedrich Nietzsche.5-Carl Jung.
6-Ferdinand de Saussure.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
1-Introduction.2-His major Theories.
3-Application.
Who is Sigmund Freud?
Psychology's most famous figure and one of the most influential and controversial thinkers of
the twentieth century .
Founder of psychoanalysis.
Freud’s Major Theories:
Defense Mechanisms.The Id, Ego, and Superego.The Conscious and Unconscious Mind. ((A Passage To India
The structures of the mind:
The conscious mind
(Includes everything that we are aware of)
The preconscious mind
(Is the part of the mind that represents ordinary memory)
The unconscious mind
(Is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our (conscious awareness.
According to Freud the
human mind is like an
iceberg. It is mostly
hidden in the
unconscious. He believed
that the conscious level
of the mind was similar
to the tip of the
iceberg which could be
seen, but the
unconscious was
mysterious and was
hidden.
How Does His Theory Apply on Modern Literature?
A Passage To India
“In the case of Adela, the Marabar cave she entered might
symbolize the depths of the unconscious mind. She admits to
hearing the same mysterious echo that Mrs. Moore heard, and
which had such a catastrophic effect on the old lady's peace
of mind. For these two Westerners, the caves break down
their conscious, carefully constructed personalities and lay
bare what is under the surface. Perhaps as she steps into
the cave, some of her unconscious fears about love and
marriage and sex are let loose, leading her to imagine that
she has been assaulted”.
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
1-Introduction.2-His Philosophy.
3-Application.
Who is Karl Marx?
Karl Marx was a German philosopher and economist best
known for his philosophy known as Marxism.
The Marxist criticism
The Marxist criticism views literary works as
reflections of the social institutions from which they
originate.
The simplest goals of Marxist literary criticism can
include an assessment of the political 'tendency' of a
literary work.
Marxist Theory and Literary Analysis:
Marx presents his theory of the materialist
conception of history in which the economic base
of a society gives rise to and interacts in a
dialectical way with the societal superstructure
of culture, law, religion and art.
”When an engineer FALLS ILL ,ITS EQUALLY IMPORTANT”
SAID THE VOICE OF MR.HAQ A POLICE INSPECTOR.”OH
YES WE ARE ALL JOLLY IMPORTANT, OUR SALARISE PROVE
IT” SAID MR. SYED MOHAMMED.
Therefore, in our novel “A Passage To India” no
wonder that we will find some none-Englishmen
characters in this novel, for instance, Aziz the
Indian doctor when he said “Why talk about the
English?....why be either friends with the .
fellows or not friends? Let us shut them up and
be jolly. Queen Victoria & Mrs.Bannester were
the only expiation and they're dead”.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
1-Introduction.2-His Theory.
3-Application.
Who is Charles Darwin?
He is an English naturalist and geologist.
Laid the foundations of the theory of evolution and transformed the way we think about the natural world .
Charles Darwin one of the leading intellectuals of 18th century England.
The Notion of His Theory:He established that all species of life have descended
over time from common descent.
Evolution Theory : Survival of the strongest. Struggle for Existence. Natural Selection. Sexual Selection. Mutation.
His Theory In “A Passage To India”
England vs. India
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
1-Introduction2-His Philosophy.
3-Application.
Who is Friedrich Nietzsche?
He was a classical philologist then transferred to be a philosopher .
He suffered from health problems.
His most famous philosophies:
Death of God.
Apollonian and Dionysian.
Dionysian is the spirit that feels the
oneness of all things and which shares in all
the pain and ecstasy in the universe .
Apollonianism establishes measure and morality
and imposes the image of finite humanity upon
the disorder of experience by recognizing
forms borders and categories.
How Does His Theory Apply on A Passage To India:
The unity of all living things. The wasp.The echo.
Carl Jung (1875-1961)
1-Introduction.2-His Theory.
3-Application.
Who is Carl Jung?
He was a Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology . Jung decided to study medicine . Jung worked with psychiatric patients . created some of the best known psychological concepts.
The Content of His Theory:
It is called Analytical Psychology: The central concept of analytical psychology is individuation . Jung to understand the human mind through dreams and symbol . believed the human psyche exists in three parts: the ego . the personal unconscious . the collective unconscious .
His theory focuses on four basic
psychological functions:
Extraversion vs. Introversion
Sensation vs. Intuition
Thinking vs. Feeling
Judging vs. Perceiving
A Psychological Critique from Jungian Perspective of E.M Forster A Passage
To India:
The Marabar caves is the central psychological
symbol of the narrative, representing what Jung
calls the collective unconscious. Both Adela
quested and Mrs .Moore, the novel effective
protagonist ,encounter heretofore unconscious
material in the caves the precipitate psychology
growth for each . Adela encounter is best
understood as an animus confrontation while Mrs .
Moore more profound journey is best characterized
as a meeting of the self archetype.
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)
1-Introduction.2-His Theory.
3-Application.
Who is Ferdinand de Saussure ?
He was a Swiss linguist and semiotician whose
ideas laid a foundation for many
significant developments both
in linguistics and semiology in the 20th
century.
He defines language as a system of signs, which we can study
it (as a complete system at any given point) or (in its
historical development).
Semiotics Theory
What is semiotics?
It is a study ofsigns and
symbols ,especially as elements of
language (written or spoken)
The Main Focus of His Theory:
Saussure focuses on the linguistic sign, making a
number of crucial points about the relationship
between the signifier (Sr) and the signified (Sd).
A signifier (Sr), the sound-image or its graphical
equivalent, for example (C A T) means the phoneme
word small animals, and its signified (Sd), the
concept or the meaning. For example, we can say that,
to an English speaking person, the three black marks
c-a-t serve as the signifier which evokes the "cat“.
His Theory In Relation To E.M. Forster’s A Passage To India He Suggests that there are 3 levels on which an
audience read a text: 1- syntactic level.2- representational level.
3-symbolic level.
Example:1 -The Mosque.
2-The Cave.3-The Temple.
4-Godble song.5 -The wasp.
6-The festival of lord Krishna.7-Birth
Links :// . . / / / /http psychology about com od theoriesofpersonality a consci
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The Selfish Gene BY Richard Dawkins . . /~ / /.../ /www princeton edu achaney tmve docs Marxist_ _literary
criticism.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/darwin_charles.shtml the Origin of Species
:// . .http www jstor org/:// . .http www academia edu/:// . . .http www glyndwr ac uk/:// . .http ariel synergiesprairies ca/
http://www.butler-bowdon.com/carl-jung-archetypes-collective-unconcioushttp://www.novelguide.com/reportessay/biography/historical-figures/life-philosophy-friedrich-nietzschehttp://ieas.unideb.hu/admin/file_1372.pdf http://dc.etsu.edu//etd
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