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A Natural History of Conifers
Aljos Farjon
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
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Conifers
• What are conifers?
• The image problem
• Systematics and evolution
• The success of the conifers
• Conifer geography
• Conifers and people
• Conservation
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What are conifers?
The image problem with Chrismas trees and hedges
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• Insert a picture of a hedge here
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Picea abies
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Abies magnifica Abies forrestii
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These are the conifers
we are all familiar with
but…
Do all conifers inthe world
look like these?
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• INSERT PICTURE OF DIVERSE NZ
CONIFERS HERE
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Dacrycarpus dacrydioides
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Phyllocladus hypophyllus
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Halocarpus bidwillii
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Microcachrys tetragona
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Dacrydium araucarioides
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What is a conifer?
• Conifers are gymnosperms
• Not all gymnosperms are conifers
• Are conifers gymnosperms with cones?
• Not all gymnosperms with cones are conifers
• Some conifers have cones, others don’t
• Do conifers have anything in common that other
gymnosperms don’t have?
• What is it?...........Answer: a common ancestor!
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Encephalartos altensteinii has cones but is not a conifer
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Ginkgo biloba does not have cones and is not a conifer
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Torreya nucifera does not have cones but is a conifer
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Welwitschia mirabilis
Gnetum camporum
E. virginiana
Ephedra intermedia
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Evolution and ancestors
• To understand what conifers are, we must try to reconstruct their evolution
• Evolution has to do with ancestors and descendants
• Evolution is also about characters and how they have evolved
• This story begins with the origin of seed plants
• Conifers are a branch on the evolutionary tree of seed plants
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The fossil seed cones of Geinitzia formosa from the Santonian in Germany
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In a cladogram we canrepresent hypotheticalrelationships of all knownfamilies of conifers thatare known, both extinctand extant.
These relationships arebased on shared derivedcharacters and help usto reconstruct anevolutionary tree ofconifers.
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An evolutionary tree ofthe conifers
• 20 families
• 12 extinct
• 8 extant
• The Permo-Triassic extinctionheralded the beginning ofmodern conifers
• Nothing dramatic happenedat the K-T boundary
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Fossil and extant conifers
• Evolution of the seed cone of conifers
• Modern examples
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Frank White del.
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Frank White del.
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Frank White del.Abies sp.
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Heidiphyllum elongatum Odyssianthuscrenulatus
Telemachus elongatus
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Abies forrestii
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Pinus wallichiana
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Araucaria araucana
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Widdringtonia cedarbergensis
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Juniperus californica
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Podocarpus macrophyllus
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Prumnopitys andina
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The success of the conifers
• Most speciose group of gymnosperms – 615 species
• Distributed on every continent except Antarctica
• Arid deserts to tropical rainforests
• Dwarf shrubs to the tallest trees, including rheophytes & parasites
• Pioneers to emergent long-lived trees
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Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sciadopitys verticillata
Juniperus californica
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Pinus pinea
Pseudolarix amabilisDacrycarpus dacrydioides
Agathis australis
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The taxonomy of success
• Species diversity concentrated into few large genera (Pinus, Abies, Juniperus, Podocarpus)
• Greatest morphological and ecological diversity in Pinus
• Few medium size genera
• Many small relictual genera
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Pinus engelmannii
Pinus pungens
Pinus ponderosa
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Juniperus occidentalis
Juniperus occidentalis
Juniperus flaccida
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Podocarpus brassii
Podocarpus totara
Podocarpus totara
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Wollemia nobilis
Parasitaxus usta
Fitzroya cupressoides
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The ecology of success
• Longevity: outlive your competitors
• Adaptation to niches at the edge of angiosperm success
• Pyrophilia: using fire to keep your place in the succession
• Zoochory: the success of Taxus, Podocarpus & Juniperus in imitating angiosperm dispersal tricks
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Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Juniperus californica
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Pinus pinea
Pinus pinea
Taxus baccata ‘Lutea’
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Conifer geography
• Only 615 species but a world-wide distribution
• Vast ranges in the north, but few species
• Small ranges in the subtropics and the south, with many species
• About 200 species occur in the tropics
• 44 of these are in New Caledonia
• 335 species are limited to the Pacific Rim
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WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF CONIFERS
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Picea glauca
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Larix decidua
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Cupressus sempervirens
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Taxodium distichum
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Araucaria angustifolia
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Cunninghamia lanceolata
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Pinus wallichiana
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Dacrydium xanthandrum
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Callitris muelleri
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Actinostrobus arenarius
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Thuja plicata
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Sequoia sempervirens
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Cupressus macrocarpa
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Pinus balfouriana
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Pinus coulteri
Pinus devoniana
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Araucaria araucana
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Phyllocladus aspleniifolius
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• Insert picture of Araucaria columnaris here
Araucaria columnaris
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Agathis ovata
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Araucaria bidwillii
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Sciadopitys verticillata
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Conifers and people
• Conifers provide 60% of the world’s wood
for industry
• Conifers are almost synonymous with
horticulture
• Conifers are edible (just)
• Conifers have spiritual meaning
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Avenue at Bicton, Devonshire
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Araucaria araucana
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Taxodium mucronatum
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Conservation
• Over 30% of conifers are threatened with
extinction
• 25 conifers are Critically Endangered (CR)
• Few reserves are established centred on
conifers
• Conserving conifers often means
conserving ecosystems
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Fitzroya cupressoides
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Taiwania cryptomerioides
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Cedrus libani Araucaria rulei
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Juniperus oxycedrus
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Retrophyllum minus Xanthocyparis vietnamensis
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Dacrydium guillauminii
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Pinus rzedowskii
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Credits
This presentation owes credit to the following who have contributed images:
Martin Gardner Alexander Schmidt
Martin Hamilton Stephan Schneckenburger
Laura Jennings Derek Spicer
Chris Page Robert Van Pelt
Edward Palmer Tim Waters