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Park Practice GUIDELINE Policy & Ping. 11/63 35-1
A NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR THE PRESERVATION OF HISTORIC SITES AND BUILDINGS
by Herbert E. Kahler, Chief, Division of History and Archeology, National Park Service, U .S . Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C.
The Congress in 1935 declared that it is a national policy to preserve for public use historic sites, buildings, and objects of national significance for the inspiration and benefit of the people of the United States.
To carry out such a policy it is first of all necessary to determine which sites, buildings, and objects are of national importance. To make this determination a Nationwide survey has been in progress, scheduled for completion in 1966. The field of American history has been divided into periods or themes, ranging in time from Early Man almost to the present.
The study and identification of historic sites and buildings has been a cooperative process in which State and local agencies, and professional historians and architects have shared their knowledge with staff historians of the Service. These studies are evaluated by a Consulting Committee of eight persons eminent in the fields of history, architecture, and archeology. Their findings are submitted to the Advisory Board on National Park, Historic Sites, Buildings, and Monuments for recommendations to the Secretary of the Interior. This double screening by the Consulting Committee and the Advisory Board is to assure that no important site or building is overlooked and that no substandard site is included in the Registry of National Historic Landmarks. From this list a historic site or building may be selected occasionally to fill gaps in the National Park System, following appropriate legislative action by the Congress.
The following criteria are used by the Consulting Committee and the Advisory Board in judging the national historical significance of sites and buildings.
1. Structures or sites at which events occurred that have made an outstanding contribution to, and are identified prominently with, or which best represent, the broad cultural, political, economic, military, or social history of the Nation, and from which the visitor may grasp the larger patterns of our American heritage. 2. Structures or sites associated importantly with the lives of outstanding historic personages. 3. Structures or sites associated significantly with an important event that best represents some great idea or ideal of the American people. 4. Structures that embody the distinguishing characteristics of an architectural type specimen, exceptionally valuable for a study of a period style or method of construction; or a notable structure representing the work of a master builder, designer, or architect.
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5. Archeological sites that have produced information of major scientific importance by revealing new cultures, or by shedding light upon periods of occupation over large areas of theUnitedStates. Such sites are those which have produced, or which may reasonably be expected to produce, data affecting theories, concepts, and ideas to a major degree. 6. Every historic and archeological site and structure should have integrity—that is, there should not be doubt as to whether it is the original site or structure, and in the case of a structure, that it represents original materials and workmanship. Intangible elements of feeling and association, although difficult to describe, may be factors in weighing the integrity of a site or structure. 7. Structures or sites which are primarily of significance in the field of religion or to religious bodies but are not of national importance in other fields of the history of the United States, such as, political, military, or architectural history, will not be eligible for consideration. 8. Birthplaces, graves, burials, and cemeteries, as a general rule, are not eligible for consideration and recognition except in cases of historical figures of transcendent importance. Historic sites associated with the actual careers and contributions of outstanding historical personages are more important than their birthplaces and burial places. 9. Structures or sites of recent historical importance, relating to events or persons within 50 years, will not, as a rule, be eligible for consideration.
Once a site or building has been considered of national historical significance, it is eligible to be enrolled in the Registry of National Historic Landmarks.
To focus attention on the importance of preserving this part of our heritage, the Secretary of the Interior issues a certificate and a bronze plaque to the owner or administrator, if he desires them. This is also a means of encouraging the administrator or owner to protect his historic place and the community to respect its integrity. Historic site preservation under this program is, therefore, a work in which the Federal Government, State agencies, communities, private organizations, and individuals all share. Although the program is a purely voluntary one giving the Federal Government no legal control over the National Landmark or its environs, the few test cases that have been made so far indicate that the National Landmark program acts powerfully to mar shall widespread public support and other preservation forces whenever a Landmark or its integrity is threatened. The long range benefit of the program to the American people is the preservation of the American cultural heritage in nationally important historic sites and buildings should therefore be considerable.
As of June 1, 1963, 404 sites and buildings have been judged to be of national significance. Some are government-owned and administered by agencies other than the National Park Service, some are owned by semi-public bodies, and some are privately owned. As remaining studies are completed, other sites will be added.
Those judged to be of national historical significance and hence eligible to be Registered National Historic Landmarks are listed below:
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ALABAMA Confederate Capitol, Montgomery Fort Morgan, entrance to Mobile Bay Fort Toulouse, Wetumpka
ALASKA American Flag Raising Site, Sitka Birnirk, Point Barrow Chaluka, Umnak I. Erskine House, Kodiak Fur Seal Rookeries, Pribilof Is. Gambell, St. Lawrence Is. Ipiutak, Point Hope Iyatayet, Cape Denbigh Old Sitka Site, near Sitka Palugvik, Hawkins Island Russian Mission Orphanage, Sitka St. Michael's Cathedral, Sitka Skagway and White Pass Wales, Seward Peninsula Yukon Island (Main Site), Cook Inlet
ARIZONA Fort Bowie and Apache Pass, near
Bowie Double Adobe, near Douglas Hohokam-Pima IrrigationSites, Salt
and Gila River Valleys Hubbell Trading Post, Ganado Roosevelt Dam, Gila County San Xavier del Bac, near Tucson Tombstone Ventana Cave, Papago Reservation
ARKANSAS Arkansas Post State Park and His
toric Environs, near Gillett Fort Smith, in City of Ft. Smith
CALIFORNIA "The Abbey," Joaquin Miller Home,
Oakland Bancroft Ranee House, Spring
Valley, San Diego County Big Four House, Sacramento Bodie, near Mono Lake Carmel Mission, Carmel Coloma, near Placerville Columbia, near Stockton Donner Camp, Donner Pass Fort Ross, near Santa Rosa Lake Merritt Wild Duck Refuge,
Oakland Larkin House, Monterey Jack London's Ranch, Glen Ellen
John Muir House, Martinez New Almaden, near San Jose Frank Norris Cabin, near Gilroy Oak Grove Butterfield Stage Station,
San Diego County Old Custom House, Monterey Old Mission Dam (Padre Dam), San
Diego Pony Express Terminal (B. F.
Hastings Building), Sacramento The Presidio of San Francisco Royal Presidio Chapel, Monterey San Diego Presidio San Francisco Old Mint Santa Barbara Mission Sonoma Plaza Sutter's Fort, Sacramento Walker Pass, Kern County Warner's Ranch, near Warner
Springs
COLORADO Bent's Old Fort, near La Junta Central City Cripple Creek Durango-Silverton Narrow Gauge
Line Leadville Lindenmeier Site, near Ft. Collins Pike's Peak, near Colorado Springs Pike's Stockade, Conejos County Silverton Telluride
CONNECTICUT Old State House, Hartford Stanley-Whitman House, Farming-
ton Mark Twain Home (Mem.) Hartford Webb House, Wethersfield Noah Webster Birthplace, West
Hartford
DELAWARE John Dickinson Mansion, near Dover Fort Christina, Wilmington Holy Trinity (Old Swedes) Church,
Wilmington
FLORIDA Fort San Carlos de Barrancas,
Pensacola Okeechobee Battlefield, near Okee
chobee
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FLORIDA (continued) Pelican Island Nat. Wildlife Refuge
near Vero Beach Plaza Ferdinand VII, Pensacola San Luis de Apalache, near Talla
hassee
GEORGIA Joel Chandler Harris House, Atlanta Stallings Island, near Augusta
HAWAII Cook Landing Site, Waimea, Kauai I. Hokukano-Ualapue Complex, Molo-
kai I. Honokohau Settlement, Hawaii I. Huilua Fishpond, Oahu I. Iolani Palace, Honolulu Kamakahonu, Kailua, Hawaii I. Kaunolu Village Site, Lanai I. Kawaiahao Church & Mission
Houses, Honolulu Keauhou Holua Slide, Hawaii I. Lahaina (Historic District), Maui I. Loaloa Heiau, Maui I. Mauna Kea Adz Quarry, Hawaii I. Mookini Heiau, Hawaii I. Old Sugar Mill, Koloa, Kauai I. Puukohol Heiau, near Kawaihae,
Hawaii I. Puu o Makuka Heiau, Oahu I. Russian Fort, near Waimea, Kauai I. South Point Complex, Hawaii I. Wailua Complex of Heiaus, Kauai I.
IDAHO Assay Building, Boise Cataldo Mission, near Coeur d'Alene Fort Hall, near town of Fort Hall Lemhi Pass, Idaho-Montana, near
Salmon, Idaho Lolo Trail, Idaho-Montana, near
Missoula, Montana
ILLINOIS Fort de Chartres, near Prairie du
Rocher Ulysses S. Grant Home, Galena Lincoln Home, Springfield Lincoln Tomb, Springfield Modoc Rockshelter, near Prairie du
Rocher Nauvoo Old Main, Knox College, Galesburg
Old State Capitol (Sangamon County Court House), Springfield
Starved Rock, near Ottawa
INDIANA Joseph Bailly Homestead, near
Chesterton "Grouseland," William Henry
Harrison Home, Vincennes Nancy Hanks Lincoln State Memor
ial, Spencer County James Whitcomb Riley House,
Indianapolis Tippecanoe Battlefield, near Lafay
ette
IOWA Grenville N. Dodge House, Council
Bluffs Sergeant Floyd Monument, Sioux
City
KANSAS Council Grove, Morris County Fort Larned, near Larned Fort Leavenworth, near Leavenworth Haskell Institute, Lawrence Hollenburg Pony Express Station
(Cottonwood), near Hanover Trails Remains west of Dodge City Wagon Bed Springs, Ulysses
KENTUCKY Ashland, Lexington Indian Knoll, Ohio County Perryville Battlefield, near Perry-
ville "Springfield," Taylor House,
Louisville
LOUISIANA The Cabildo, New Orleans George W. Cable House, New
Orleans Fort de la Boulaye, near Phoenix Fort Jackson, near Triumph Fort Jesup, near Many Fort St. Philip, opposite Triumph Jackson Square, New Orleans Poverty Point, West Carroll Parish Ursuline Convent, New Orleans
MAINE Lady Pepperrell House, Kittery
Point
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Harriet Beecher Stowe House, Brunswick
Wadsworth-Longfellow House, Portland
MARYLAND Baltimore & Ohio Transportation
Museum, Baltimore Hammand-Harwood House, Anna
polis Maryland State House, Annapolis U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis U.S.S. Constellation, Baltimore "Whitehall," Annapolis
MASSACHUSETTS John Adams Birthplace, Quincy John Quincy Adams Birthplace,
Quincy "Arrowhead," Home of Herman
Melville, Pittsfield Beacon Hill Historic Dist., Boston William Cullen Bryant Home, near
Cummington Buckman Tavern, Lexington Bunker Hill Monument, Charlestown Christ Church, Cambridge Cole's Hill, Plymouth Craigie-Longfellow House, Cam
bridge Home of Emily Dickinson, Amherst "Elmwood," James Russell Lowell
Home, Cambridge Ralph Waldo Emerson House, Con
cord Fairbanks House, Dedham Faneuil Hall, Boston King's Chapel, Boston Jeremiah Lee Mansion, Marblehead Lexington Green, Lexington Massachusetts Hall, Cambridge Massachusetts State House, Boston Old Deerfield Village, Deerfield The Old Manse, Milton Old North Church (Christ Church
Episcopal), Boston Old Ship Church, Hingham Old South Meeting House, Boston Old State House (Second Town
House), Boston Frederick Law Olmsted House,
Brookline Orchard House, Louisa May Alcott
Home, Concord Francis Parkman House, Boston
Parson Capen House, Topsfield William H. Prescott House, Boston Paul Revere House, Boston Isaac Royall House, Medford Scotch-Boardman House, Saugus Shirley-Eustis House, Roxbury Springfield Armory, Springfield U.S.F. Constitution, Boston Walden Pond, Concord The Wayside, Alcott-Hawthorne
Home, Concord Whipple House, Ipswich Home of John Greenleaf Whittier,
Amesbury Wright Tavern, Concord
MICHIGAN Fort Michilimackinac, Mackinaw Mackinac Island St. Ignace Mission, St. Ignace Straits of Mackinac
MINNESOTA Fort Snelling, South Minneapolis James J. Hill Home, St. Paul
MISSOURI Arrow Rock, near Marshall Fort Osage, near Kansas City Graham Cave, Montgomery County Patee House, St. Joseph Sainte Genevieve Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens)
Boyhood Home, Hannibal
MONTANA Bannack Butte Fort Benton (the town) Grant-Kohrs Ranch, Deer Lodge Three Forks of the Missouri, Three
Forks Travelers Rest, near Lolo Virginia City
NEBRASKA Fort Atkinson, near Ft. Calhoun Fort Robinson and Red Cloud
Agency, Dawes County Robidoux Pass, Scotts Bluff County Signal Butte, Scotts Bluff County
NEVADA Fort Churchill, near Silver Springs Fort Ruby, south of Elko
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NEVADA (continued) Leonard Rock Shelter, near Love
lock Senator Francis G. NewlandsHome,
Reno Virginia City
NEW HAMPSHIRE The MacDowell Colony, Peter
borough Macpheadris-Warner House, Ports
mouth Franklin Pierce Homestead, Hills-
boro Saint-Gaudens Memorial, Cornish
NEW JERSEY Monmouth Battlefield, near Free
hold Nassau Hall, Princeton Princeton Battlefield, near Prince
ton Washington Crossing, near Trenton Walt Whitman Home, Camden
NEW MEXICO Abo, near Mountainair Acoma, near Grants Anderson Basin (Blackwater Draw),
near Clovis Folsom, near Folsom Glorieta Pass Battlefield, southeast
of Santa Fe Hawikuh, near Zuni Kit Carson House, Taos La Junta, near Watrous Lincoln Mesilla Plaza, Mesilla Old Raton Pass, near Raton and also
Trinidad, Colorado Palace of the Governors, Santa Fe Pecos Pueblo, near Pecos Quarai, near Mountainair Rabbit Ears (Clayton Complex), near
Clayton Sandia Cave, northeast of Albuquer
que Santa Fe Plaza, Santa Fe Taos Pueblo, near Taos Wagon Mound (Santa Clara Spring)
NEW YORK Adirondack Forest Preserve Bennington Battlefield, near Wallo-
omsac
Carnegie Hall, New York Central Park, New York City Hall, New York Cooper Union, New York Dutch Reformed (Sleepy Hollow)
Church, North Tarrytown Erie Canal, near Amsterdam Fort Crailo, Rensselaer Fort St. Frederic, Crown Point Fort Stanwix, Rome Fort Ticonderoga, near Ticonder-
oga Hamilton Grange, New York Holland Land Office, Batavia Franklin B. Hough House, Lowville Huguenot Street, New Paltz Hurley (Historic District) Johnson Hall, Johnstown Lamoka, west of Watkins Glen "Lindenwald," Martin Van Buren
Home, Kinderhook Metropolitan Opera, New York Morris-Jumel Mansion, New York Niagara Reservation, Niagara Falls Old Fort Niagara, near Youngstown Old House, Cutchogue Oriskany, near Rome Philipse Manor Hall, Yonkers Phillipsburg Manor, North Tarry-
town Plattsburgh Bay, Plattsburgh The Players Club, New York Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims,
Brooklyn St. Paul's Chapel, New York Stony Point Battlefield, near Stony
Point "Sunnyside," Washington Irving
Home, Tarrytown U.S. Military Academy, West Point Valcour Bay, near Plattsburgh Van Cortlandt Manor, Croton-on-
Hudson Voorlezer's House, Staten Island Washington Headquarters, Newburgh ' ' Woodchuck Lodge,'' JohnBurr oughs
Home, near Roxbury
NORTH CAROLINA Biltmore Estate, Ashville Fort Fisher, near Wilmington
NORTH DAKOTA Fort Union, near Buford
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OHIO Paul Laurence Dunbar House, Day
ton Fallen Timbers Battlefield, near
Maumee
OKLAHOMA Camp Nichols, near Wheeless Cherokee National Capital, Tah-
lequah Creek National Capitol, Okmulgee Fort Gibson, near Ft. Gibson Fort Sill
OREGON Fort Astoria, Astoria Fort Rock Cave, Lake County
PANAMA CANAL ZONE Fort San Lorenzo
PENNSYLVANIA Academy of Music, Philadelphia Allegheny Portage Railroad of Pa.
Canal, Hollidaysburg to Johnstown John Bartram House, Philadelphia Brandywine Battlefield, west of
Chester Bushy Run Battlefield, near Jean-
nette Carlisle Indian School, Carlisle Chew House, "Cliveden," German-
town Elfreth's Alley, Philadelphia Forks of the Ohio, Pittsburgh Graeme Park, Bucks County Mount Pleasant, Philadelphia "Old West," Dickinson College,
Carlisle Gifford Pinchot Home, "Grey
Towers," Milford Edgar Allan Poe House, Philadelphia The Printzhof, Essington Valley Forge State Park, near
Norristown The Walnut Street Theater, Phila. Washington Crossing, near New
town Conrad Weiser House, nearWomel-
sdorf "Wheatland," Buchanan Home, Lan
caster
PUERTO RICO La Fortaleza, San Juan
RHODE ISLAND Brick Market, Newport First Baptist Meetinghouse, Pro
vidence Old State House, Newport Redwood Library, Newport University Hall, Brown University,
Providence Wanton-Lyman-Hazard House, New
port
SOUTH CAROLINA Miles Brewton House, Charleston Robert Brewton House, Charleston Camden Battlefield, near Camden Drayton Hall, near Charleston Fort Hill, John C. Calhoun Home Historic Charleston Mulberry Plantation, near Charles
ton St. Michael's Episcopal Church,
Charleston
SOUTH DAKOTA Deadwood
TENNESSEE Franklin Battlefield, Franklin The Hermitage, Home of Andrew
Jackson, near Nashville Long Island of the Holston, near
Kingsport James K. Polk Home, Columbia
TEXAS The Alamo, San Antonio Fort Belknap, near Graham Fort Brown, Brownsville Fort Concho, San Angelo Fort Davis, Ft. Davis JA Ranch, Armstrong County King Ranch, near Kingsville Palo Alto Battlefield, near Browns
ville Plainview, Plainview Resaca de la Palma Battlefield,
near Brownsville San Jacinto Battlefield, near Houston
UTAH Danger Cave, near Wendover Emigration Canyon, Salt Lake City
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VERMONT Justin S. Morrill Homestead,
Strafford
VIRGINIA Adam Thoroughgood House, near
Norfolk Bacon's Castle, Surry County Christ Church (Episcopal), near
Kilmarnock Confederate Capitol, Richmond Five Forks Battlefield, near Peters
burg Fort Monroe, Hampton Greenway Court, near White Post Gunston Hall, near Woodbridge Lee Chapel, Lexington John Marshall House, Richmond Monticello, near Charlottesville Montpelier, James Madison Home,
near Orange Mount Airy, near Warsaw Mount Vernon, George Washington
Home, near Alexandria Oak Hill, James Monroe Home, near
Aldie, Loudoun County St. John's Episcopal Church, Rich
mond St. Luke's Church, near Smithfield "Sherwood Forest," John Tyler
Home, near Charles City Stratford Hall, near Montross Westover, near Charles City White House of the Confederacy,
Richmond Williamsburg Wren Building, Williamsburg
VIRGIN ISLANDS Columbus Landing Site, Salt River
Bay, St. Croix Island
WASHINGTON Chinook Point, mouth of Columbia
River San Juan Island (American and
English Campsites)
WASHINGTON, D.C. City Hall (District Court House) Decatur House Gundelo Philadelphia, U.S. National
Museum Octagon House St. John's Episcopal Church Tudor Place United States Capitol White House
WISCONSIN Astor Warehouse, Prairie du Chien Brisbois House, Prairie du Chien Diamond Jo Warehouse, Prairie du
Chien Dousman Hotel, Prairie du Chien Oconto Site, Oconto Prairie du Chien Second Fort Crawford, Prairie du
Chien Villa Louis, Prairie du Chien
WYOMING Fort Phil Kearny and Related Sites,
near Story Green River Rendezvous Site, near
Daniel Horner Site, near Cody Independence Rock, southwest of
Casper South Pass, Wyoming Route 28,
Fremont County Tom Sun Ranch, Wyoming Route
220, near Independence Rock Wapati Ranger State, near Cody