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A Meta-model for e-Contract Template Variable
Dependencies Facilitating e-Negotiation
Dickson K.W. CHIU Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering,
Chinese University of Hong [email protected], [email protected]
Shing-Chi CHEUNGDept. of Computer Science
Hong Kong University of Science & Technology
Patrick C.K. Hung Dept. of Management
SciencesUniversity of Waterloo
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ER2002-2
Introduction e-Contract
computerized facilitation or automation of a contract cross-organizational business process
Negotiation a decision process in which two or more parties make
individual decisions and interact with each other for mutual gain
e-Negotiation perform negotiation activities over the Internet
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ER2002-3
Contract Templates Reference document based on which a new contract is created Contains a set of template variables whose values are to be
negotiated Particularly applicable to standard business interactions that
could be taken place over the Internet Such as real-estate transactions, purchase and sale of goods,
etc. New e-Contracts for these business interactions can be defined
based on standard contract templates Specific business interactions not covered by the clauses in
standard contract templates can be provided as contract variations or contract escalations
Tenant is required to pay landlord [ ] months’ deposit, amount to [ ], which is refundable without interests upon contract termination on the condition that …
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ER2002-4
Motivation and Objectives
e-Contract template and template variables facilitate negotiation by avoiding uncontrolled openness of issues
Address specific semantic requirement of contracts for supporting B2B applications
Reduce cost and improve effectiveness of negotiation(avoid combinatorial explosion of issues)
Development of an effective and efficient negotiation plan in a natural way
Rapid development and deployment of a flexible negotiation support system (NSS) through reuse
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ER2002-5
Overall Meta-modeling Approach Based on business experience and
requirements, contract templates (with variables) are abstracted from previous contracts
A contract template is modeled as an e-Contract template
Determine template variable relations (dependencies)
Derive e-Negotiation plan Execute the e-Negotiation plan with a NSS Each successful e-Negotiation will lead to an e-
Contract
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ER2002-6
Meta-Model of an e-Contract Template
e-ContractTemplate
*1
1..*
1..*
TemplateVariable
indivisiblyrelates to
*
*
2..*
involves
*
set values to
Obligation Permission Prohibition
*
*
precedes
e-Contract Party
concerns
Contract Clause
references
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ER2002-7
A Lease e-Contract Template as an Instance of the Meta-model
lease:e-Contract Template
landlord:Party
tenant:Party
deposit payment:Contract Clause
facilities inclusion:Contract Clause
effective period:Contract Clause
rent payment:Contract Clause
deposit:Template Variable
numOfMonths:Template Variable
facilities provision:Template Variable
lease period:Template Variable
start date:Template Variable
rent:Template Variable
mgt fee payment:Contract Clause
mgt fee inclusion:Template Variable
precedes indivisibly relates to
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ER2002-8
Motivating Example
leaseperiod
facilitiesprovision
basic rent
start date
additional fee1
mgt feeinclusion
additionalfee2
Landlord
Tenant
rent
deposit
numOfMonths
Relationships among variables Negotiated in a bundle, e.g., facilities provision, lease period and
rent A partial order, e.g., rent and deposit Individually negotiated, e.g., start date, management fee inclusion Principle variables (e.g., rent) made up of parts called auxiliary
variables
TemplateVariable
AuxiliaryVariable
indivisiblyrelates to
*
*
1*
factorizes into
precedes *
*
analyzed by, say, real-estates
agency
Variable
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ER2002-9
Conceptual Model of e-Negotiation and e-Contract
TemplateVariable
Party Negotiation
Accepted Alternative Value
Alternative Value
makes
1
1..*
1..*has
1..*
1..*
*
logrolls
1..*
2..*
involves
Issue1
1
*
*
Contract Clause
AuxiliaryVariable
precedes
Variable
Accepted Offer
maps to
PlanOffer
*
e-Contract Conceptual
Model
e-Negotiation Conceptual
Model
1
1..*
1 **
**
resolves1..*Task 1
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ER2002-10
Derivation of Negotiation Plan
leaseperiod
facilitiesprovision
basic rent
start date
additional fee1
mgt feeinclusion
additionalfee2
Landlord
Tenant
rent
deposit
numOfMonths
{facilities provision, lease period, basic rent}
{start date, additional fee1}{management fee inclusion, additional fee2}
{rent}{numOfMonths}
{deposit}
Partial ordering of variables (sets)
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ER2002-11
e-Negotiation Process Meta-modelin UML Activity Diagram
How we carry out e-Negotiation in general …
select e-Contracttemplate
derive variablerelations
define issues and criteria
for eachcollectionof co-relatedissue
make offers &counter offers
validateconsistency
formulateplan
organize tasks
all issueshave beenmapped
[consistent][inconsistent]
creation ofe-Contract
[reach consensuson all variables]
[quit]
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ER2002-12
Make Offer and Counter Offer
To be supported by a web-based NSS May be based on WFMS (e.g., E-ADOME)
Negotiate: management fee inclusion,
additional fee1
Negotiate: facilities provision,
lease period, basic rent
Negotiate: start date,
additional fee1
Computesdeposit
Negotiate: number of months
Compute rent
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ER2002-13
NSS – Create Contract Template
System administrator create new contract template by entering different contract template variables
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ER2002-14
NSS - Grouping & Auxiliary Variables
System administrator then input grouping and auxiliary variables
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ER2002-15
NSS - Input Dependencies System administrator then input dependencies among groups / issues
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ER2002-16
NSS - System Generates Plan
System generate negotiation plan
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ER2002-17
Future Work
Study of the general negotiation process (Chiu et al., PACIS 2002)
Users having different logrolling views (i.e., different negotiation plan in mind) (Cheung et al., HICSS 2003)
One-to-many contract negotiation Ranking of different types of issues and criteria for
logrolling issues (Hung, HICSS 2003) Decision making to reach an optimal and stable
state for negotiators (Nash equilibrium) Study of e-Contract enforcement
(Chiu et al., HICSS 2003) Real-life negotiation practice
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ER2002-18
Conclusions An novel application of computer science
techniques for a management problem A novel approach of e-Negotiation of contracts
based on e-contract template A meta-model for e-Contract templates with the
notion of template variables and their dependencies
A flexible meta-model for e-Negotiation processes Derivation of effective and efficient negotiation
plan Facilitate rapid implementation based on workflow
management systems (e.g., our E-ADOME WFMS), supporting the cross-organizational process via contemporary Internet technologies