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a d v a n c i n g w i r e l e s s t e s t
Testing the Radio Performance of Testing the Radio Performance of TETRA Terminals and Base StationsTETRA Terminals and Base Stations
44thth TETRA World Congress, Nice, 10 TETRA World Congress, Nice, 10thth December 2001 December 2001
Clive Rodmell Graham Stevens
Senior Principal Engineer Product Manager
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Overview of PresentationOverview of Presentation
Understanding the impact of TETRA equipment performance on network operation
Examining the new radio performance requirements of TETRA compared with analogue systems
Analyzing the new challenges of testing TETRA equipment
Evaluating test solutions for TETRA
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The Impact of TETRA Equipment Performance...The Impact of TETRA Equipment Performance...
Understanding the impact of TETRA equipment performance on network operation
Examining the new radio performance requirements of TETRA compared with analogue systems
Analyzing the new challenges of testing TETRA equipment
Evaluating test solutions for TETRA
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TETRA is a RADIO network The radio link is the weakest link in the chain
TETRA Network OperationTETRA Network Operation
Validation
Proves the theory of network operation
Manufacture
Ensures individual equipment meet
requirements initially
Service
Ensures individual equipment continues to
meet requirements
Conformance
Proves the equipment design
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Requirements for TETRA Network IntegrityRequirements for TETRA Network Integrity
Correct BS transmit power level for coverage required
Correct MS transmit power level as dictated by network
Adequate sensitivity of MS and BS receivers
Minimal interference caused to other users
Minimal susceptibility to signals from other users
Protection and maintenance of antennas and cables
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The Impact of Poor Radio PerformanceThe Impact of Poor Radio Performance
Interference Excess power
Reduced coverage Inadequate power
Inadequate sensitivity
Retransmissions Increased response times
Reduced system capacity
Poorer quality speech and video
Failure to set up or maintain a call
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New Radio Performance Requirements of TETRA... New Radio Performance Requirements of TETRA...
Understanding the impact of TETRA equipment performance on network operation
Examining the new radio performance requirements of TETRA compared with analogue systems
Analyzing the new challenges of testing TETRA equipment
Evaluating test solutions for TETRA
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TETRA compared with Analogue systemsTETRA compared with Analogue systems
TETRA is a TDMA system
(Time Division Multiple Access)
TETRA is a DIGITAL system
TETRA is a CONTROLLED LINK system
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216Scrambled Bits
14Bits
TrainingSequence
16Bits
216Scrambled Bits
14.2 msTypical slot
1 3 42 56.7 msTDMA Frame
Air Interface - TDMA IllustratedAir Interface - TDMA Illustrated
1.02 s1 3 182 4Multiframe
1 2 4 5 60 61.2 s3Hyperframe
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TETRA Power Profile MaskTETRA Power Profile Mask
Transmitted power of a TDMA signal is BURSTY
Power is transmitted in short bursts
t 1 t 3
-70 dBc
+6 dB
0 dBc
+3 dB
of nominal power
1.5 dB-+
t 2
(time intervals not to scale)
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Performance Requirements of a Performance Requirements of a TDMA SystemTDMA System
Power ramp up / down according to mask
Controlled profile to minimize interference Adjacent channel power due to switching
Timing of bursts must be correct
Power is attenuated between
bursts
Non-constant envelope
ActiveTimeslot
Power
-1 +1 Time+2
-70 dBc(MS)
Consequences of a bursty signal
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Performance Requirements of the Performance Requirements of the Digital SystemDigital System
All transmitted signals are binary data Successful transmission and recovery of 1’s and 0’s
Requirements for Parametric measurements change
Vector accuracy replaces distortion for Tx measurements Vector Diagrams
Bit Error Rate (BER) replaces SINAD for Rx sensitivity RF Loopback
Synchronization of MS to BS frequency and timing
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Vector AccuracyVector Accuracy
0.3R - Peak Vector Error(limit 30 %)
0.05R - Residual Carrier Leak Removed (limit 5 %)
RMS Vector Error limit 10 %
R
Q
I
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Measuring sensitivity requires the use of BER measurements
Measuring Rx SensitivityMeasuring Rx Sensitivity
Test PortT1 SignalGenerator
RadioUnder Test
Bit ErrorRate meter
RF
MS BS
Static -112 dBm -115 dBm
Faded -106 dBm-103 dBm
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UUT
Test Equipment
Tx
Rx
Returned patterns
Test patterns
RF Loop Back Test ConfigurationRF Loop Back Test Configuration
Optimized for manufacturing and service testing
Eliminates need for proprietary interfaces and test modes
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TETRA radios operate at defined power ratings MS power level is variable in defined steps
A TETRA radio determines optimum power level itself This requires measurement by MS of received signal
strength MS determines level and quality of signals from serving
and neighboring BS
30 mW
Performance required of a Performance required of a Controlled Radio LinkControlled Radio Link
MS power is optimized
Reduces interference
Increases battery life
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TETRA’s co-existence with AnalogueTETRA’s co-existence with Analogue
TETRA system is very highly specified to avoid interference with analogue systems
In terms of both close to carrier and far from carrier emission
The following may cause interference to analogue radio channels
Adjacent Channel Power (ACP)
TETRA Power Ramping (Switching)
TETRA Transmitter Linearization
TETRA Transmitter Intermodulation
This has presented some CHALLENGES in TESTING
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TETRA’s co-existence with AnalogueTETRA’s co-existence with Analogue
Analogue signals may cause interference in the TETRA Receiver Blocking Spurious Response Intermodulation Response
Measures performance in the presence of two strong interfering signals
Reference Sensitivity
WantedChannel
200kHz
-47 dBm
+3 dB
T1 T3
400kHz
T2
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a d v a n c i n g w i r e l e s s t e s t
New Challenges of Testing TETRA Equipment New Challenges of Testing TETRA Equipment
Understanding the impact of TETRA equipment performance on network operation
Examining the new radio performance requirements of TETRA compared with analogue systems
Analyzing the new challenges of testing TETRA equipment
Evaluating test solutions for TETRA
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Conventional Test Methods Unsuitable for TETRAConventional Test Methods Unsuitable for TETRA
Most conventional analogue test methods can not be used
Traditional power meter does not work for burst power
Traditional frequency meter does not work for DQPSK modulation
1 kHz distortion meter does not work for digital transmitter
1 kHz SINAD meter does not work for digital receiver
Conventional swept spectrum analyzer is inadequate
New Innovative methods are required
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New Testing Challenges for TETRA TxNew Testing Challenges for TETRA Tx
Most TETRA Tx measurements
Must be TETRA filtered
>80 dB Require high dynamic range
Must be time-aligned
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T3T2 T1
New Testing Challenges for TETRA RxNew Testing Challenges for TETRA Rx
Key RF Rx measurements: Sensitivity
Selectivity
Intermodulation Response
Spurious Response
Blocking
These tests require the use of: TETRA signal generator (T1)
One or two interfering signals TETRA interferer (T2)
CW interferer (T3)
Test system performance must be considerably better than the equipment under test Minimize influence on results
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a d v a n c i n g w i r e l e s s t e s t
Evaluating Test Solutions for TETRA Evaluating Test Solutions for TETRA
Understanding the impact of TETRA equipment
performance on network operation
Examining the new radio performance requirements of
TETRA compared with analogue systems
Analyzing the new challenges of testing TETRA
equipment
Evaluating test solutions for TETRA
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Interoperability Testing
Validation
R&D concentrate on a particular aspect
Manufacture
Fast and accurate
Service
Test functionality,
easily
Different stages of testing require different equipment
All testing requires specialized TETRA test equipment
Test Solutions for TETRATest Solutions for TETRA
Conformance
Comprehensive testing
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Important Issues for Conformance TestingImportant Issues for Conformance Testing
Comprehensive radio equipment testing
RF Parametric
Protocol tests
Purpose is to prove to Users and Operators that radio equipment conforms to specification
Static
Dynamic
Using propagation simulator and Fading models
Automated system
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a d v a n c i n g w i r e l e s s t e s t
Important Issues for ManufacturingImportant Issues for Manufacturing
All radio equipment is tested to a degree
Level of test is dependent on:
PASSED
Test 1 passed Test 2 passed Test 3 passed Test 4 passed Test 5 passed Test 6 passed
Design repeatability
Manufacturing process
Speed of testing required
Remote control of test equipment
Quality Control
Level of testing reduces as TETRA technology matures
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Test Solutions for TETRA Equipment ManufactureTest Solutions for TETRA Equipment Manufacture
TETRA specific modulation analyzer for Tx measurements
High dynamic range
Accurate implementation of TETRA filter
Speed of test important
T1 or similar signals required for receiver testing
Dynamic (faded) receiver tests usually too time consuming
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TETRA Installation and ServicingTETRA Installation and Servicing
Important issues
Ease of use of test equipment
Subset of measurements required for manufacturing
Test solution
RF Loopback eliminates special test connectors
Functional tests (registration, call set-up)
Give confidence that TETRA radio is dependable
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IFR’s Support for TETRAIFR’s Support for TETRA
Support the TETRA standard
Actively involved in development of standards
ETSI EN 300 394-1 Radio Conformance Specification
TETRA Interoperability Profile (TIP)
Supply equipment for radio conformance testing
Supply equipment for interoperability testing
Participate in the Interoperability trials
Working with the radio manufacturers to provide Production Test solutions
Ensuring effective test equipment for service is available
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and Finally .....and Finally .....
TestingEnsuresTrustReliabilityAvailability