Download - A Cell Review
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A Cell ReviewBrought to you by your local expert:
Mr. Hachtman
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The Animal Cell
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Cell Membrane
• Thin, flexible barrier surrounding the cell• Function: Controls what goes into and out
of the cell• Composition:
– 2 layers (bilayer) of lipids– Also consists of proteins and carbohydrates
• Analogy: Security at a football game
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Cytoplasm
• The “gooey stuff” inside the cell membrane• “Bathes” the organelles• Analogy: Swimming pool holding a bunch
of kids (green water!)
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What exactly is an organelle?
• An organelle is defined as a part of a cell that performs important cellular functions
• Types of organelles found in animals:– Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum,
Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Vacuoles, Lysosomes, Centrioles, and Golgi Apparatus
• Number of a certain type of organelle within a single cell can vary greatly
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Organelles: The Nucleus• Contains chromosomes (DNA)
- DNA codes for protein- Making proteins = one of the largest jobs of the cell
• Function: Control center of the cell (controls cellular processes)
• Surrounded by a nuclear envelope: Controls what goes into and out of nucleus (Nuclear pores)
• Consists of 2 membranes
• Contains nucleolus - Involved in making ribosomes
• Nucleoplasm - Gooey sap inside the nucleus
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Endoplasmic ReticulumFunction: Assembles and transports components of the cell membrane
Two types:
1) Rough ER
- Contains ribosomes
- Modify proteins
2) Smooth ER
- Lack ribosomes
- Synthesize lipids
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Ribosomes
• Function: Site where proteins are assembled
DNA -> RNA -> Protein• Two Types
– Attached ribosomes: On the ER– Free ribosomes: Floating in the cytoplasm
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Mitochondria - Think of Mr. H• Function: Produce energy
for the cell• Appearance: Two
separate membranes– Outer membrane– Inner membrane - Highly
folded• Cristae: Area inside of
mitochondria
Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria: Glucose -> Energy
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Golgi Appartus
• Function: Package and ship proteins from the ribosomes
• Analogy: UPS• Attach carbohydrates
and lipids to proteins
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Vacuoles and Lysosomes• Vacuole
– Function: Stores food, water, and waste for the cell• Analogy: Toilet that you forget to flush
• Lysosome– Function: Gets rid of waste
• Analogy: Toilet that is flushed– Contains enzymes– “Suicide Sacs” - Destroys organelles that are too old
and also destroys cell when too old
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The Plant Cell
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Three differences between plant and animal cells
• Plant cells have:
– Chloroplasts (and other plastids)– Cell wall– Large central vacuole (animals have many
small vacuoles)
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Chloroplasts• Involved in Photosynthesis
• Turn sunlight into glucose
• Composition:
• 2 membranes
• Grana contain chlorophyll (green pigment in plant that absorbs sunlight)
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Cell Wall
• Found in plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria• Lies outside the cell membrane• Function: Provides support and protection
for plant cell• Composition: Made of cellulose
(carbohydrate) and proteins
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Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic• True Nucleus
• Examples:
• Plants, Animals, Fungus, Protists
• No True nucleus
• Examples:
• Bacteria
The Meaning of Words
Kary: Nucleus
Eu: True
Pro: Without