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A 21st Century Western Hemisphere Security/Defense Community
• Colonel Joseph R. Núñez, Professor,
U.S. Army War College
• With LTC Kelley Spellman, J-5 Staff, SOUTHCOM
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Western Hemisphere Idea
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Western Hemisphere Idea
• Special Relationship Within the Americas• Our Own Separate Orbit - Amb Nabuco • Pan Americanism of the New World• Common Values, Interests & Challenges• Free, Prosperous & Fraternal Continent• Constructive Association of Nations• Hemisphere of Peace through Democracy
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Challenges to Cooperation
• Imbalance or Asymmetry of Power• Domestic Politics – Nationalism,
Populism,• Subregional Competition• Lack of Presidential Leadership & Vision• Competing Visions and Outsiders• Lack of Understanding-Respect-Concern
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Challenges to Cooperation: OAS
• Outdated Rio Treaty – Time for Update• No Effective Security Staff• Inter-American Defense Board Detached• Plenty of Diplomacy, but Where is the
Security and Defense?• Kicks Problems to UN, but Offers Little• New Definitions, but what about Haiti?
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Future of Security Cooperation• Can Only Grow if
Leaders Have Common Interests & Values
• Entails Difficult Choices about Defense, Security, Democracy, Trade, Globalization, and Development
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International Challenges• State Failure: Haiti• Projection of
Multinational Forces on UN missions (PKO, etc.)
• Stabilization Ops & Humanitarian Assist.
• Gap between Words and Deeds, Promises and Actions
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Rising Regional Cooperation• States Find Good
Reasons to Cooperate
• Expand Trade• Reinforce
Democratic Values• Work Together on
Common Security Threats.
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International Military Cooperation
• Canada Sent Troops to Afghanistan in 2001
• Canada Sent an even Larger Force to Afghanistan (ISAF) in 2003.
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International Military Cooperation
• The 2nd Iraq War was Supported by El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic
• Each Country Sent Forces that Joined the Spanish Brigade
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International Military Cooperation
• Within the Americas – UN Mission in Haiti – Soldiers from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Ecuador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru, U.S., & Uruguay work together for peace
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International Military Cooperation
• Haiti also represents new leadership opportunities
• A Brazilian General commands the Stabilization Force
• A Chilean Diplomat serves as Special Rep. of the Sec Gen
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Haiti and Military Cooperation
• Deployment of MIF?• Deployment of
MINUSTAH?• Record of MIF and
MINUSTAH?• OAS & UN Actions?• How Can We Do
Better in the Future?
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International Military Cooperation
• Cyprus – UNFICYP• Argentinean force
includes soldiers from Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay
• Canada also has soldiers in Cyprus
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A New Security Architecture
• Time to Deal with 21st Century threats
• Threats are Not National Armies
• Security Cooperation – Not Integration
• Preserve Sovereignty Constructively
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First Special Service Force – Redux
• Standing Multinational Force
• Canada/US/ Mexico & Brazil/Argentina/Chile: FSSF(N) and FSSF(S)
• Hemispheric Security• Part of OAS Security
Council• Strategic Restraint • Sovereignty Clause
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The Logic of Cooperation
. Democracy, Trade & Security/Defense
• New Security Dilemma: Internal & Transnational
• New Missions for FSSF: Humanitarian Assistance, Failed States (SO), & PKO
• Hard and Soft Power
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Security Virtues of FSSF• NOT Unilateral• Promote Respect &
Understanding • Constructive
Regionalism• Interoperability• Rapid Deployment• Versatility (SSCs)• UN SHIRBRIG >
NRF > FSSF ?
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Slaying of Cooperation Myths
• Preserve Sovereignty by “Ditching”
• Possible to Decouple Security from Economy (FTAA)
• Security “On The Cheap” Works
• Moral Superiority of Non-Intervention
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Slaying of U.S. Cooperation Myths
• U.S. Can Go it Alone • Other States in the
Americas are Not Dependable Allies
• The U.S. Has Enough Power to Call All of the Shots
• Superpowers Don’t Do Windows (PKSO)
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Strategic Commitment to the Western Hemisphere
• An Interdependent Community
• Shared Values/Interests
• Disagreement Does Not Equal Disrespect (virtue)
• A Special Relationship• New Vision
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Cooperation Includes Mexico• Mexico is Not Ready
to Join FSSF(N)• Sovereignty and
Non-Intervention Issues
• Democratic Changes are Causing the Military to Change
• Security Cooperation is Quietly on the Rise
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Two Opposing Visions
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Constructive Regionalism
• Focus more on WE, not ME or THEM
• Regions have Real Security & Defense Responsibilities
• Between States and the International Realm (UN) are Regional Structures
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Thanks For Listening
• What are your questions?