Download - 9702 Physics Learner Guide 2015
Learner GuideCambridge International AS and A LevelPhysics
9702
Cambridge Advanced
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© Cambridge International Examinations 2015
Version 2
Contents
How to use this guide ....................................................................................................... 3Section 1: How will you be tested?Section 2: Examination adviceSection 3: What will be tested?Section 4: What you need to know
Section 1: How will you be tested? ..................................................................................... 5About the examinationsAbout the papers
Section 2: Examination advice ............................................................................................. 7How to use this adviceGeneral adviceAdvice for the theory papersAdvice for the practical papers
Section 3: What will be tested? ......................................................................................... 11Assessment objectivesMarks allocated to the assessment objectives
Section 4: What you need to know ................................................................................... 15
2 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
How to use this guide
3Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
How to use this guide
The guide describes what you need to know about your Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics examination.
It will help you to plan your revision programme for the written examinations and will explain what we are looking for in the answers that you write. It will also help you to revise more effectively using the table given in Section 4, ‘What do you need to know’.
The guide contains the following sections:
Section 1: How will you be tested?This section gives you information about the written papers and practical tests that will be available for physics. It briefl y describes the rules for AS and A Level certifi cations. It contains a table that summaries the examination papers you will take and the duration of each paper.
Section 2: Examination adviceThis section gives you advice to help you do as well as you can. Some of the ideas are general advice and some are based on the common mistakes that learners make in exams.
Section 3: What will be tested?We take account of the following areas in your examination papers:
• Knowledge with understanding
• Handling, applying and evaluating information
• Experimental skills and investigations
This section describes the assessment objectives we use to test you in the examination. It also contains a table showing the percentage of marks allocated to the three assessment objectives.
Section 4: What you need to knowThere are 26 topics in the syllabus. The details of what you need to know are given in this section. You can use it to make notes, check your progress, and as a revision aid.
4 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
Section 1: How will you be tested?
5Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
Section 1: How will you be tested?
About the examinationsFind out from your teacher what papers you are going to take.
If you have been entered for AS Level Physics, then you will be taking Papers 1, 2 and 3 in a single examination session.
After having received AS Level certifi cation, if you wish to continue your studies to the full A Level qualifi cation, then your AS Level marks will be carried forward and you just take Papers 4 and 5 in the examination session in which you require certifi cation.
If you are taking the full A Level qualifi cation at the end of your course, you have to take all the papers in a single examination session.
About the papersThe table below gives you information about the physics papers.
Paper How long is the paper and how many marks?
What is in the papers? What is the paper worth as a percentage of the AS examination?
What is the paper worth as a percentage of the A Level examination?
Paper 1
MultipleChoice
1 hour 15 minutes(40 marks)
The paper will have 40 multiple-choice questions all based on the AS syllabus. You have to answer all the questions.
31% 15%
Paper 2
AS StructuredQuestions
1 hour 15 minutes(60 marks)
You will have a variable number of structured questions of variable value. You have to answer all the questions and you write on the question paper.
46% 23%
Paper 3
Advanced Practical Skills
2 hours(40 marks)
Each paper will consist of two experiments drawn from different areas of physics. You will be allowed to use the apparatus for each experiment for a maximum of 1 hour. The examiners will not be restricted by the subject content. You have to answer both questions and you write on the question paper.
23% 12%
Section 1: How will you be tested?
6 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
Paper How long is the paper and how many marks?
What is in the papers? What is the paper worth as a percentage of the AS examination?
What is the paper worth as a percentage of the A Level examination?
Paper 4
A Level Structured Questions
2 hours(100 marks)
This paper will consist of a variable number of structured questions of variable mark value. All questions will be based on the A Level syllabus, but may include material fi rst encountered in the AS Level syllabus. You have to answer all the questions and you write on the question paper.
38%
Paper 5
Planning, Analysis and Evaluation
1 hour 15 minutes(30 marks)
This paper will consist of two questions of equal mark value based on the practical skills of planning, analysis and evaluation. The examiners will not be restricted by the subject content. You have to answer both questions and you write on the question paper.
12%
Section 2: Examination advice
7Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
Section 2: Examination advice
How to use this adviceThis advice highlights some common mistakes made by learners. They are collected under various subheadings to help you when you revise a particular topic.
General advice• Don’t give up if you think that you have calculated the answer to the fi rst part of a question incorrectly.
You can still score marks for your follow-on answers in the remaining parts of the question provided that your follow-on calculations are correct.
• Always show your working when answering a question. This will allow you to score marks for your method, even if you make a mistake with the fi nal answer.
• When you have calculated an answer always ask yourself if it is sensible and realistic.
• If it isn’t, go back and check your working.
• Ensure that you are fully aware of what data and formulae are given at the front of the question paper. Learn those formulae that are not given.
• During the examination you should monitor your rate of progression through the paper and adjust your rate of working accordingly. This will ensure that towards the end of the examination you will have suffi cient time to complete the paper. Completing past papers under timed conditions will allow you to develop an appropriate speed of working.
• Be careful with powers of 10 and take deliberate care if you are keying these into your calculator; make sure that you do not neglect the minus sign of any negative powers and check that your fi nal answer is reasonable.
• All answers should have their correct unit. Pay particular attention to questions that ask you to give the units of your answer and any that do not give a unit in the answer space.
Advice for the theory papersPaper 1 Multiple Choice• Attempt all questions – a mark is not deducted for a wrong answer.
• Use the space on the examination paper to write down clear working for each question. If you try to do too much working solely on your calculator or in your head, you will make mistakes – many of the wrong answers to a question can be reached by manipulating the data in a plausible, but incorrect, way.
• Carefully consider every one of the four possible answers before making your fi nal decision as to which one is correct – although you may initially think that the fi rst or second option is the right answer you will need to look at all four before the correct answer becomes clear.
Paper 2 and Paper 4 Structured Questions• If you are asked to sketch a diagram, this implies that a simple, freehand drawing is acceptable.
However, care should be taken over proportions and you should clearly show and label any important details.
Section 2: Examination advice
8 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
• If you are asked to sketch a graph, you should give as much information on your sketch as possible. Label each axis with the appropriate quantity and unit. Then draw on the shape of the graph, ensuring that it is correctly positioned relative to the axes and that the different parts of the graph line are in proportion to each other. Don’t forget to put on your sketch graph the value of any applicable intercept, asymptote, discontinuity or end point (if these are known).
• Memorise all defi nitions – you will need to be as precise as possible when quoting them in the examination. Quantities are defi ned in terms of quantities. Units are defi ned in terms of units. Remember to use “per” if a ratio is essential to the defi nition; for example, “pressure” should be defi ned as “force per unit area” (not “force on unit area”).
• A non-numerical answer can sometimes be made clearer by adding a sketch, but remember to ensure that it is clearly labelled and shows all the relevant information.
• Always give your answer to an appropriate number of signifi cant fi gures. This can be judged from the number of signifi cant fi gures of the data given in the question.
• Occasionally a question will tell you the number of signifi cant fi gures that are to be used in your answer and in this case your answer must have exactly the number of signifi cant fi gures specifi ed.
• Do not prematurely round up fi gures at an intermediate stage during a calculation – wait until the answer is reached and only then express it to an appropriate number of signifi cant fi gures.
• When doing algebra ensure that the terms on either side of an “=” sign do in fact equal each other. It is bad practice to write down a string of terms all on the same line and all connected by an “=” sign as any error can result in the fi rst element being of an entirely different nature and/or order to the last. This often leads to errors when calculating the total resistance of a number of resistors connected in parallel.
• Any explanations that you give should be as clear and precise as possible. For example, saying “A increases as B increases” would be insuffi cient if what is meant is “A is proportional to B”.
• When substituting in the value of g use 9.81 m s–2 (not 10 m s–2).
Advice for the practical papersPaper 3 Practical skills• Do not panic if the context of the practical experiment appears unfamiliar. Where appropriate the
question paper will tell you exactly what to do and how to do it.
• If you fi nd yourself in real diffi culty setting up your practical equipment you may ask your supervisor for help. You will only lose one or two marks for this.
• There are a number of things that you can do to save time: Draw a single table for your results in advance of taking any readings and enter your readings in the table as you take them (so that you do not waste time having to copy them up later). This is also important because you must record all your raw readings before you calculate and record any average readings. If the number of readings that you need to take is indicated in the question paper, do not waste time by exceeding this number. Repeat your readings, but remember that it is only necessary to repeat them once (so that you have two sets of values) – do not waste time repeating them more than once.
• All the raw readings of a particular quantity should be recorded to the same number of decimal places which should in turn be consistent with the precision of the measuring instrument.
• The uncertainty in a measurement can sometimes be larger than the smallest interval that can be measured by the measuring equipment. For example, a stopwatch can measure time to a hundredth of a second, but human reaction times will mean that the uncertainty in the reading given by a stopwatch is (typically) 0.1 s to 0.4 s.
Section 2: Examination advice
9Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
• Each column heading in your table must contain both a quantity and its unit. For instance if you have measured time t in seconds, your column heading would be written as “t/s” (“t in s” or “t(s)” would also be acceptable). The quantity or unit or both may also be written in words rather than symbols.
• The number of signifi cant fi gures used in a derived quantity that you calculate from your raw readings should be equal in number to (or possibly one more than) the number of signifi cant fi gures in the raw readings. For example, if you measure potential difference and current to 2 and 3 signifi cant fi gures respectively, then the corresponding value of resistance calculated from them should be given to 2 or 3 signifi cant fi gures, but not 1 or 4. If both were measured to 3 signifi cant fi gures, then the resistance could be given to 3 (or 4) signifi cant fi gures.
• When drawing your graph, do not forget to label each axis with the appropriate quantity and unit, using the same format for expressing column headings in a table. Choose a scale such that the plotted points occupy at least half the graph grid in both the x and y directions. The x-axis scale should increase positively to the right and the y-axis scale should increase positively upwards. Use a convenient scale such as 1, 2 or 5 units to a 2 cm square as you will then be less likely to make a mistake with the position of your plotted points and it will be easier for you to read off points from your graph if you are calculating the gradient or fi nding an intercept. Similarly, it is good practice to mark values on at least every other 2 cm square.
• All your plotted points should be on the grid; points in the white margin area will be ignored. Plot all your observations and ensure that they are accurate to half a small square. A fi ne cross (or an encircled dot) drawn with a sharp pencil is acceptable, but be careful not to obscure the position of your points by your line of best fi t or other working.
• When drawing your line of best fi t, ensure you have an even balance of points about the line along its whole length. If it is a straight line, use a clear plastic ruler so that you can see points on both sides of the line as it is being drawn.
• Show all your working when calculating a gradient. It is helpful to draw the triangle used to calculate the gradient on the graph and to clearly label the coordinates of the vertices (accurate to half a small square). These values can then be used in the gradient calculation. The length of the hypotenuse of the triangle should be greater than half the length of the graph line.
• If you are required to give a value for the y-intercept, it may be possible to directly read it off from your graph from an axis where x=0. If this is not possible you can instead calculate the y-intercept by using the equation of a straight line. In this case you should substitute into this equation a pair of x and y values from your line of best fi t along with your calculated value of gradient.
Paper 5 Planning, Analysis and EvaluationPlanning question
• Do not panic if the context of the question appears unfamiliar to you. During your A Level studies you will have used or learnt about suitable apparatus for completing the task. If you are asked to ‘use’ any unfamiliar apparatus the question will supply you with all the details that you need to know about.
• Read the question very carefully – it may give you guidance on those aspects of your plan to which you need to pay particular attention. It will also help you to identify the independent and the dependent variables.
• When writing your answer you will need to consider some or all of the following:
– what apparatus you will use
– what experimental arrangement will be used
– what procedure will be followed
Section 2: Examination advice
10 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
– the independent and dependent variables
– the means of keeping other variables constant – use the word ‘constant’ when identifying these variables, saying you will ‘control’ them is insuffi cient
– how the raw data readings will be processed to give the desired result, e.g. what derived quantities you might calculate or what graph you might plot
– what relevant safety precautions should be in place
• The relationship to be tested, given to you in the introduction to the task, will suggest the type of graph to be expected. You will need to describe it as precisely as possible. For example, is it linear, does it pass through the origin? If you choose a logarithmic graph, you will be expected to predict its slope from the given expression.
• When writing your answer you must write down all the information clearly and explicitly – the examiner cannot give you marks for things that are vaguely implied.
• Many of the marks can often be scored by having a good working diagram (even if the accompanying explanation is weak) and so you should spend time making sure that your diagram shows all the relevant details and is fully labelled. For example, make clear the exact points between which measurements, such as distance, are to be made.
• The equipment and procedures that you describe in your answer should be realistic and workable.
• One mark is available for describing safe working. This must relate specifi cally to the apparatus being used. It is not suffi cient to write, for example, ‘keep all bags and coats out of the way’.
• Additional marks are available for detailed descriptions of apparatus/techniques. There are always more possible answers than marks available, so if you write your plan carefully, then some these marks should be gained as you go along. It is not expected that you write a separate section solely for the detail marks.
• As part of your preparation for this question you should plan some of your own experiments, but this should be done under the close supervision of your teacher. Also practise answering past papers.
• A sketch graph is not necessary, but if drawn it should be consistent with your description of the graph.
Analysis and Evaluation question
• See advice for Paper 3: the comments regarding signifi cant fi gures, plotting graphs and calculating gradients and intercepts apply equally for this paper.
• It is particularly important that the rules previously given for signifi cant fi gures are followed.
• You will be expected to use the uncertainty given in the raw data to fi nd the uncertainty in calculated data. The latter will often involve a function such as a logarithm. This requires plenty of practice, if you are to be able do it with confi dence in the examination.
• You will need to be able to translate the calculated uncertainties into error bars on your graph and then to draw the worst acceptable line. Again, this requires plenty of practice.
• Once the graph has been drawn, you will be expected to fi nd uncertainties in both the gradient and the intercept – using your line of best fi t and your worst acceptable line. A lot of marks depend on your being able to calculate the uncertainties in the calculated data.
• Every candidate is provided with the same data and so the fi nal values calculated should be very similar.
Section 3: What will be tested?
11Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
Section 3: What will be tested?
Assessment objectivesThe areas of knowledge and skills are called assessment objectives. The theory papers test mainly AO1 (Knowledge with understanding) and AO2 (Handling, applying and evaluating information). The practical papers are used to test you on the AO3 (Experimental skills and investigations). Your teacher will be able to provide you with more detailed information on the assessment objectives.
AO1: Knowledge with understandingQuestions testing these objectives will often begin questions with one of the following words:
• Defi ne
• State
• Describe
• Explain
You should demonstrate knowledge and understanding of:
• Scientifi c phenomena
• Facts
• Laws
• Defi nitions
• Concepts
• Theories
• Scientifi c vocabulary
• Terminology
• Conventions (including symbols, quantities and units)
• Scientifi c instruments and apparatus, including techniques of operation and aspects of safety
• Scientifi c quantities and their determination
• Scientifi c and technological applications with their social, economic and environmental implications
Section 3: What will be tested?
12 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
AO2: Handling, applying and evaluating informationQuestions testing these objectives will often begin questions with one of the following words:
• Predict
• Suggest
• Deduce
• Calculate
• Determine
You should be able, in words or by using written, symbolic, graphical and numerical forms of presentation, to:
• Locate information from a variety of sources
• Select information from a variety of sources
• Organise information from a variety of sources
• Present information from a variety of sources
• Translate information from one form to another
• Manipulate numerical and other data
• Use information to identify
– patterns
– report trends
– draw inferences
– report conclusions
• Present reasoned explanations for
– phenomena
– patterns
– relationships
• Make predictions and put forward hypotheses
• Apply knowledge, including principles, to new situations
• Evaluate information and hypotheses
• Demonstrate an awareness of the limitations of physical theories and models
AO3: Experimental skills and investigationsExperimental skills are tested in Paper 3 and Paper 5.
You should be able to:
• plan experiments and investigations
• collect, record and present observations, measurements and estimates
• analyse and interpret data to reach conclusions
• evaluate methods and quality of data, and suggest improvements
Section 3: What will be tested?
13Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
Marks allocated to the assessment objectivesThe table below gives a general idea of the allocation of marks to the assessment objectives across the whole assessment, though the balance on each paper may vary slightly.
Assessment objective Marks allocated
AO1 (Papers 1, 2 and 4) 37%
AO2 (Papers 1, 2 and 4) 40%
AO3 (Papers 3 and 5) 23%
Section 3: What will be tested?
14 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
Section 4: What you need to know
15Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
Sec
tio
n 4
: Wh
at y
ou
nee
d t
o k
no
w
The
tabl
e be
low
list
s th
e th
ings
tha
t yo
u m
ay b
e te
sted
on
in t
he e
xam
inat
ion.
You
can
use
the
tabl
e th
roug
hout
you
r ph
ysic
s co
urse
to c
heck
the
topi
c ar
eas
you
have
cov
ered
. You
can
als
o us
e th
e ta
ble
as a
rev
isio
n a
id. Y
ou c
an
mak
e no
tes
to y
ours
elf
as y
ou g
o th
roug
h th
e ta
ble
in t
he c
omm
ents
col
umn.
The
se c
ould
be
rem
inde
rs li
ke:
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thro
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ore
ques
tions
on
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entu
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’
or s
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y pl
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k in
the
com
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olum
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sho
w t
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a d
ecen
t un
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tand
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of t
hat
part
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ar p
hysi
cs.
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as s
how
n in
bol
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pe a
re e
xam
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onl
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the
ful
l Adv
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d Le
vel q
ualifi
cat
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d un
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un
its
a)
reca
ll th
e fo
llow
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SI
base
qua
ntiti
es a
nd t
heir
units
: mas
s (k
g),
leng
th (m
), tim
e (s
), cu
rren
t (A
), te
mpe
ratu
re (K
), am
ou
nt
of
sub
stan
ce (m
ol)
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expr
ess
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ed u
nits
as
prod
ucts
or
quot
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s of
the
SI
base
uni
ts a
nd u
se t
he n
amed
uni
ts li
sted
in t
his
sylla
bus
as
appr
opria
te
c)
use
SI
base
uni
ts t
o ch
eck
the
hom
ogen
eity
of
phys
ical
eq
uatio
ns
d)
use
the
follo
win
g pr
efi x
es a
nd t
heir
sym
bols
to
indi
cate
dec
imal
su
bmul
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bot
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se a
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nits
: pic
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(μ),
mill
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c), d
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d), k
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Section 4: What you need to know
16 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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to
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and
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at t
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of
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anti
ties
wh
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on
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of
any
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e am
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cala
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tors
a)
dist
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ish
betw
een
scal
ar a
nd v
ecto
r qu
antit
ies
and
give
ex
ampl
es o
f ea
ch
b)
add
and
subt
ract
cop
lana
r ve
ctor
s
c)
repr
esen
t a
vect
or a
s tw
o pe
rpen
dicu
lar
com
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2 M
easu
rem
ent
tech
niqu
es2.
1 M
easu
rem
ents
a)
use
tech
niqu
es f
or t
he m
easu
rem
ent
of le
ngth
, vol
ume,
ang
le,
mas
s, t
ime,
tem
pera
ture
and
ele
ctric
al q
uant
ities
app
ropr
iate
to
the
ran
ges
of m
agni
tude
impl
ied
by t
he r
elev
ant
part
s of
the
sy
llabu
s. In
par
ticul
ar, c
andi
date
s sh
ould
be
able
to:
• m
easu
re le
ngth
s us
ing
rule
rs, c
alip
ers
and
mic
rom
eter
s
• m
easu
re w
eigh
t an
d he
nce
mas
s us
ing
bala
nces
• m
easu
re a
n an
gle
usin
g a
prot
ract
or
• m
easu
re t
ime
inte
rval
s us
ing
cloc
ks, s
topw
atch
es a
nd t
he
calib
rate
d tim
e-ba
se o
f a
cath
ode-
ray
osci
llosc
ope
(c.r
.o.)
• m
easu
re t
empe
ratu
re u
sing
a t
herm
omet
er
• us
e am
met
ers
and
voltm
eter
s w
ith a
ppro
pria
te s
cale
s
• us
e a
galv
anom
eter
in n
ull m
etho
ds
• us
e a
cath
ode-
ray
osci
llosc
ope
(c.r
.o.)
• u
se a
cal
ibra
ted
Hal
l pro
be
b)
use
both
ana
logu
e sc
ales
and
dig
ital d
ispl
ays
c)
use
calib
ratio
n cu
rves
Section 4: What you need to know
17Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
Top
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ub
-to
pic
Yo
u s
ho
uld
be
able
to
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om
men
ts
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rro
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nd
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nce
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ders
tand
and
exp
lain
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eff
ects
of
syst
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ic e
rror
s (in
clud
ing
zero
err
ors)
and
ran
dom
err
ors
in m
easu
rem
ents
b)
unde
rsta
nd t
he d
istin
ctio
n be
twee
n pr
ecis
ion
and
accu
racy
c)
asse
ss t
he u
ncer
tain
ty in
a d
eriv
ed q
uant
ity b
y si
mpl
e ad
ditio
n of
abs
olut
e, f
ract
iona
l or
perc
enta
ge u
ncer
tain
ties
(a r
igor
ous
stat
istic
al t
reat
men
t is
not
req
uire
d)
3 K
inem
atic
s3.
1 E
qu
atio
ns
of
mo
tio
na)
de
fi ne
and
use
dist
ance
, dis
plac
emen
t, s
peed
, vel
ocity
and
ac
cele
ratio
n
b)
use
grap
hica
l met
hods
to
repr
esen
t di
stan
ce, d
ispl
acem
ent,
sp
eed,
vel
ocity
and
acc
eler
atio
n
c)
dete
rmin
e di
spla
cem
ent
from
the
are
a un
der
a ve
loci
ty-t
ime
grap
h
d)
dete
rmin
e ve
loci
ty u
sing
the
gra
dien
t of
a d
ispl
acem
ent-
time
grap
h
e)
dete
rmin
e ac
cele
ratio
n us
ing
the
grad
ient
of
a ve
loci
ty-t
ime
grap
h
f)
deriv
e, f
rom
the
defi
niti
ons
of v
eloc
ity a
nd a
ccel
erat
ion,
eq
uatio
ns t
hat
repr
esen
t un
iform
ly a
ccel
erat
ed m
otio
n in
a
stra
ight
line
g)
solv
e pr
oble
ms
usin
g eq
uatio
ns t
hat
repr
esen
t un
iform
ly
acce
lera
ted
mot
ion
in a
str
aigh
t lin
e, in
clud
ing
the
mot
ion
of b
odie
s fa
lling
in a
uni
form
gra
vita
tiona
l fi e
ld w
ithou
t ai
r re
sist
ance
h)
desc
ribe
an e
xper
imen
t to
det
erm
ine
the
acce
lera
tion
of f
ree
fall
usin
g a
falli
ng b
ody
i) de
scrib
e an
d ex
plai
n m
otio
n du
e to
a u
nifo
rm v
eloc
ity in
one
di
rect
ion
and
a un
iform
acc
eler
atio
n in
a p
erpe
ndic
ular
dire
ctio
n
Section 4: What you need to know
18 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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u s
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to
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men
ts
4 D
ynam
ics
4.1
Mo
men
tum
an
d
New
ton
’s la
ws
of
mo
tio
n
a)
unde
rsta
nd t
hat
mas
s is
the
pro
pert
y of
a b
ody
that
res
ists
ch
ange
in m
otio
n
b)
reca
ll th
e re
latio
nshi
p F
= m
a an
d so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
it,
appr
ecia
ting
that
acc
eler
atio
n an
d re
sulta
nt f
orce
are
alw
ays
in
the
sam
e di
rect
ion
c)
defi n
e an
d us
e lin
ear
mom
entu
m a
s th
e pr
oduc
t of
mas
s an
d ve
loci
ty
d)
defi n
e an
d us
e fo
rce
as r
ate
of c
hang
e of
mom
entu
m
e)
stat
e an
d ap
ply
each
of
New
ton’
s la
ws
of m
otio
n
4 D
ynam
ics
4.2
No
n-u
nif
orm
m
oti
on
a)
desc
ribe
and
use
the
conc
ept
of w
eigh
t as
the
eff
ect
of a
gr
avita
tiona
l fi e
ld o
n a
mas
s an
d re
call
that
the
wei
ght
of a
bod
y is
equ
al t
o th
e pr
oduc
t of
its
mas
s an
d th
e ac
cele
ratio
n of
fre
e fa
ll
b)
desc
ribe
qual
itativ
ely
the
mot
ion
of b
odie
s fa
lling
in a
uni
form
gr
avita
tiona
l fi e
ld w
ith a
ir re
sist
ance
4 D
ynam
ics
4.3
Lin
ear
mo
men
tum
an
d it
s co
nse
rvat
ion
a)
stat
e th
e pr
inci
ple
of c
onse
rvat
ion
of m
omen
tum
b)
appl
y th
e pr
inci
ple
of c
onse
rvat
ion
of m
omen
tum
to
solv
e si
mpl
e pr
oble
ms,
incl
udin
g el
astic
and
inel
astic
inte
ract
ions
be
twee
n bo
dies
in b
oth
one
and
two
dim
ensi
ons
(kno
wle
dge
of
the
conc
ept
of c
oeffi
cie
nt o
f re
stitu
tion
is n
ot r
equi
red)
c)
reco
gnis
e th
at, f
or a
per
fect
ly e
last
ic c
ollis
ion,
the
rel
ativ
e sp
eed
of a
ppro
ach
is e
qual
to
the
rela
tive
spee
d of
sep
arat
ion
d)
unde
rsta
nd t
hat,
whi
le m
omen
tum
of
a sy
stem
is a
lway
s co
nser
ved
in in
tera
ctio
ns b
etw
een
bodi
es, s
ome
chan
ge in
ki
netic
ene
rgy
may
tak
e pl
ace
Section 4: What you need to know
19Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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men
ts
5 Fo
rces
, den
sity
and
pr
essu
re5.
1 T
ypes
of
forc
ea)
de
scrib
e th
e fo
rce
on a
mas
s in
a u
nifo
rm g
ravi
tatio
nal fi
eld
and
on
a c
harg
e in
a u
nifo
rm e
lect
ric fi
eld
b)
unde
rsta
nd t
he o
rigin
of
the
upth
rust
act
ing
on a
bod
y in
a fl
uid
c)
show
a q
ualit
ativ
e un
ders
tand
ing
of f
rictio
nal f
orce
s an
d vi
scou
s fo
rces
incl
udin
g ai
r re
sist
ance
(no
trea
tmen
t of
the
coe
ffi c
ient
s of
fric
tion
and
visc
osity
is r
equi
red)
d)
unde
rsta
nd t
hat
the
wei
ght
of a
bod
y m
ay b
e ta
ken
as a
ctin
g at
a
sing
le p
oint
kno
wn
as it
s ce
ntre
of
grav
ity
5 Fo
rces
, den
sity
and
pr
essu
re5.
2 T
urn
ing
eff
ects
of
forc
esa)
de
fi ne
and
appl
y th
e m
omen
t of
a f
orce
b)
unde
rsta
nd t
hat
a co
uple
is a
pai
r of
for
ces
that
ten
ds t
o pr
oduc
e ro
tatio
n on
ly
c)
defi n
e an
d ap
ply
the
torq
ue o
f a
coup
le
5 Fo
rces
, den
sity
and
pr
essu
re5.
3 E
qu
ilib
riu
m o
f fo
rces
a)
stat
e an
d ap
ply
the
prin
cipl
e of
mom
ents
b)
unde
rsta
nd t
hat,
whe
n th
ere
is n
o re
sulta
nt f
orce
and
no
resu
ltant
tor
que,
a s
yste
m is
in e
quili
briu
m
c)
use
a ve
ctor
tria
ngle
to
repr
esen
t co
plan
ar f
orce
s in
equ
ilibr
ium
5 Fo
rces
, den
sity
and
pr
essu
re5.
4 D
ensi
ty a
nd
p
ress
ure
a)
defi n
e an
d us
e de
nsity
b)
defi n
e an
d us
e pr
essu
re
c)
deriv
e, f
rom
the
defi
niti
ons
of p
ress
ure
and
dens
ity, t
he e
quat
ion
Δp =
ρgΔ
h
d)
use
the
equa
tion Δp
= ρ
gΔh
6 W
ork,
ene
rgy
and
pow
er6.
1 E
ner
gy
con
vers
ion
an
d c
on
serv
atio
na)
gi
ve e
xam
ples
of
ener
gy in
diff
eren
t fo
rms,
its
conv
ersi
on a
nd
cons
erva
tion,
and
app
ly t
he p
rinci
ple
of c
onse
rvat
ion
of e
nerg
y to
sim
ple
exam
ples
Section 4: What you need to know
20 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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men
ts
6 W
ork,
ene
rgy
and
pow
er6.
2 W
ork
an
d e
ffi c
ien
cya)
un
ders
tand
the
con
cept
of
wor
k in
ter
ms
of t
he p
rodu
ct o
f a
forc
e an
d di
spla
cem
ent
in t
he d
irect
ion
of t
he f
orce
b)
calc
ulat
e th
e w
ork
done
in a
num
ber
of s
ituat
ions
incl
udin
g th
e w
ork
done
by
a ga
s th
at is
exp
andi
ng a
gain
st a
con
stan
t ex
tern
al
pres
sure
: W =
p∆
V
c)
reca
ll an
d un
ders
tand
tha
t th
e ef
fi cie
ncy
of a
sys
tem
is t
he r
atio
of
use
ful e
nerg
y ou
tput
fro
m t
he s
yste
m t
o th
e to
tal e
nerg
y in
put
d)
show
an
appr
ecia
tion
for
the
impl
icat
ions
of
ener
gy lo
sses
in
prac
tical
dev
ices
and
use
the
con
cept
of
effi c
ienc
y to
sol
ve
prob
lem
s
6 W
ork,
ene
rgy
and
pow
er6.
3 P
ote
nti
al e
ner
gy
and
kin
etic
en
erg
ya)
de
rive,
fro
m t
he e
quat
ions
of
mot
ion,
the
for
mul
a fo
r ki
netic
en
ergy
Ek =
m
v21
2
b)
reca
ll an
d ap
ply
the
form
ula
E k =
m
v21
2
c)
dist
ingu
ish
betw
een
grav
itatio
nal p
oten
tial e
nerg
y an
d el
astic
po
tent
ial e
nerg
y
d)
unde
rsta
nd a
nd u
se t
he r
elat
ions
hip
betw
een
forc
e an
d po
tent
ial
ener
gy in
a u
nifo
rm fi
eld
to s
olve
pro
blem
s
e)
deriv
e, f
rom
the
defi
nin
g eq
uatio
n W
= F
s, t
he f
orm
ula
∆E p
= m
g∆h
for
pote
ntia
l ene
rgy
chan
ges
near
the
Ear
th’s
su
rfac
e
f)
reca
ll an
d us
e th
e fo
rmul
a ∆
E p =
mg∆
h fo
r po
tent
ial e
nerg
y ch
ange
s ne
ar t
he E
arth
’s s
urfa
ce
6 W
ork,
ene
rgy
and
pow
er6.
4 P
ow
era)
de
fi ne
pow
er a
s w
ork
done
per
uni
t tim
e an
d de
rive
pow
er a
s th
e pr
oduc
t of
for
ce a
nd v
eloc
ity
b)
solv
e pr
oble
ms
usin
g th
e re
latio
nshi
ps P
tW=
and
P =
Fv
7 M
otio
n in
a c
ircle
7.1
Kin
emat
ics
of
un
ifo
rm c
ircu
lar
mo
tio
n
a)
defi
ne
the
rad
ian
an
d e
xpre
ss a
ng
ula
r d
isp
lace
men
t in
ra
dia
ns
b)
un
der
stan
d a
nd
use
th
e co
nce
pt
of
ang
ula
r sp
eed
to
so
lve
pro
ble
ms
c)
reca
ll an
d u
se v
= rω
to
so
lve
pro
ble
ms
Section 4: What you need to know
21Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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u s
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men
ts
7 M
otio
n in
a c
ircle
7.2
Cen
trip
etal
ac
cele
rati
on
an
d
cen
trip
etal
fo
rce
a)
des
crib
e q
ual
itat
ivel
y m
oti
on
in a
cu
rved
pat
h d
ue
to
a p
erp
end
icu
lar
forc
e, a
nd
un
der
stan
d t
he
cen
trip
etal
ac
cele
rati
on
in t
he
case
of
un
ifo
rm m
oti
on
in a
cir
cle
b)
reca
ll an
d u
se c
entr
ipet
al a
ccel
erat
ion
eq
uat
ion
s a
= rω
2 an
d
a
= v
2 r
c)
reca
ll an
d u
se c
entr
ipet
al f
orc
e eq
uat
ion
s F
= m
rω2 a
nd
F
= m
v 2
r
8 G
ravi
tatio
nal fi
eld
s8.
1 G
ravi
tati
on
al fi
eld
a)
un
der
stan
d t
he
con
cep
t o
f a
gra
vita
tio
nal
fi el
d a
s an
ex
amp
le o
f a
fi el
d o
f fo
rce
and
defi
ne
gra
vita
tio
nal
fi el
d
stre
ng
th a
s fo
rce
per
un
it m
ass
8 G
ravi
tatio
nal fi
eld
s8.
2 G
ravi
tati
on
al f
orc
e b
etw
een
po
int
mas
ses
a)
un
der
stan
d t
hat
, fo
r a
po
int
ou
tsid
e a
un
ifo
rm s
ph
ere,
th
e m
ass
of
the
sph
ere
may
be
con
sid
ered
to
be
a p
oin
t m
ass
at
its
cen
tre
b)
reca
ll an
d u
se N
ewto
n’s
law
of g
ravi
tati
on
in t
he
form
F
= G
m1m
2
r 2
c)
anal
yse
circ
ula
r o
rbit
s in
inve
rse
squ
are
law
fi el
ds,
incl
ud
ing
g
eost
atio
nar
y o
rbit
s, b
y re
lati
ng
th
e g
ravi
tati
on
al f
orc
e to
th
e ce
ntr
ipet
al a
ccel
erat
ion
it c
ause
s
8 G
ravi
tatio
nal fi
eld
s8.
3 G
ravi
tati
on
al fi
eld
o
f a
po
int
mas
sa)
d
eriv
e, f
rom
New
ton
’s la
w o
f g
ravi
tati
on
an
d t
he
defi
nit
ion
o
f g
ravi
tati
on
al fi
eld
str
eng
th, t
he
equ
atio
n g
= G
M r 2 f
or
the
gra
vita
tio
nal
fi el
d s
tren
gth
of
a p
oin
t m
ass
b)
reca
ll an
d s
olv
e p
rob
lem
s u
sin
g t
he
equ
atio
n g
= G
M r 2 f
or
the
gra
vita
tio
nal
fi el
d s
tren
gth
of
a p
oin
t m
ass
c)
sho
w a
n a
pp
reci
atio
n t
hat
on
th
e su
rfac
e o
f th
e E
arth
g is
ap
pro
xim
atel
y co
nst
ant
Section 4: What you need to know
22 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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men
ts
8 G
ravi
tatio
nal fi
eld
s8.
4 G
ravi
tati
on
al
po
ten
tial
a)
defi
ne
po
ten
tial
at
a p
oin
t as
th
e w
ork
do
ne
per
un
it m
ass
in b
rin
gin
g a
sm
all t
est
mas
s fr
om
infi
nit
y to
th
e p
oin
t
b)
solv
e p
rob
lem
s u
sin
g t
he
equ
atio
n φ
= –
GM r
fo
r th
e p
ote
nti
al in
th
e fi
eld
of
a p
oin
t m
ass
9 D
efor
mat
ion
of
solid
s9.
1 S
tres
s an
d s
trai
na)
ap
prec
iate
tha
t de
form
atio
n is
cau
sed
by a
for
ce a
nd t
hat,
in o
ne
dim
ensi
on, t
he d
efor
mat
ion
can
be t
ensi
le o
r co
mpr
essi
ve
b)
desc
ribe
the
beha
viou
r of
spr
ings
in t
erm
s of
load
, ext
ensi
on,
elas
tic li
mit,
Hoo
ke’s
law
and
the
spr
ing
cons
tant
(i.e
. for
ce p
er
unit
exte
nsio
n)
c)
defi n
e an
d us
e th
e te
rms
stre
ss, s
trai
n an
d th
e Y
oung
mod
ulus
d)
desc
ribe
an e
xper
imen
t to
det
erm
ine
the
You
ng m
odul
us o
f a
met
al in
the
for
m o
f a
wire
9 D
efor
mat
ion
of
solid
s9.
2 E
last
ic a
nd
pla
stic
b
ehav
iou
ra)
di
stin
guis
h be
twee
n el
astic
and
pla
stic
def
orm
atio
n of
a m
ater
ial
b)
unde
rsta
nd t
hat
the
area
und
er t
he f
orce
-ext
ensi
on g
raph
re
pres
ents
the
wor
k do
ne
c)
dedu
ce t
he s
trai
n en
ergy
in a
def
orm
ed m
ater
ial f
rom
the
are
a un
der
the
forc
e-ex
tens
ion
grap
h
10 Id
eal g
ases
10.1
Eq
uat
ion
of
stat
ea)
re
call
and
so
lve
pro
ble
ms
usi
ng
th
e eq
uat
ion
of
stat
e fo
r an
idea
l gas
exp
ress
ed a
s p
V =
nR
T, w
her
e n
= a
mo
un
t o
f su
bst
ance
(n
um
ber
of
mo
les)
10 Id
eal g
ases
10.2
Kin
etic
th
eory
of
gas
esa)
in
fer
fro
m a
Bro
wn
ian
mo
tio
n e
xper
imen
t th
e ev
iden
ce f
or
the
mo
vem
ent
of
mo
lecu
les
b)
stat
e th
e b
asic
ass
um
pti
on
s o
f th
e ki
net
ic t
heo
ry o
f g
ases
c)
exp
lain
ho
w m
ole
cula
r m
ove
men
t ca
use
s th
e p
ress
ure
ex
erte
d b
y a
gas
an
d h
ence
ded
uce
th
e re
lati
on
ship
p
V =
1 3N
mâc
2 ä, w
her
e N
= n
um
ber
of
mo
lecu
les
[A
sim
ple
mo
del
co
nsi
der
ing
on
e-d
imen
sio
nal
co
llisi
on
s an
d
then
ext
end
ing
to
th
ree
dim
ensi
on
s u
sin
g 1 3
âc2 ä =
âcx2 ä=i
s su
ffic
ien
t.]
Section 4: What you need to know
23Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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u s
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able
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men
ts
10 Id
eal g
ases
10.3
Kin
etic
en
erg
y o
f a
mo
lecu
lea)
re
call
that
th
e B
olt
zman
n c
on
stan
t k
is g
iven
by
the
ex
pre
ssio
n k
=
R NA
b)
com
par
e p
V =
1 3N
mâc
2 ä wit
h p
V =
NkT
an
d h
ence
ded
uce
th
at t
he
aver
age
tran
slat
ion
al k
inet
ic e
ner
gy
of a
mo
lecu
le is
p
rop
ort
ion
al t
o T
11 T
empe
ratu
re11
.1 T
her
mal
eq
uili
bri
um
a)
app
reci
ate
that
(th
erm
al)
ener
gy
is t
ran
sfer
red
fro
m a
reg
ion
o
f h
igh
er t
emp
erat
ure
to
a r
egio
n o
f lo
wer
tem
per
atu
re
b)
un
der
stan
d t
hat
reg
ion
s o
f eq
ual
tem
per
atu
re a
re in
th
erm
al
equ
ilib
riu
m
11 T
empe
ratu
re11
.2 T
emp
erat
ure
sc
ales
a)
un
der
stan
d t
hat
a p
hys
ical
pro
per
ty t
hat
var
ies
wit
h
tem
per
atu
re m
ay b
e u
sed
fo
r th
e m
easu
rem
ent
of
tem
per
atu
re a
nd
sta
te e
xam
ple
s o
f su
ch p
rop
erti
es
b)
un
der
stan
d t
hat
th
ere
is a
n a
bso
lute
sca
le o
f te
mp
erat
ure
th
at d
oes
no
t d
epen
d o
n t
he
pro
per
ty o
f an
y p
arti
cula
r su
bst
ance
(i.e
. th
e th
erm
od
ynam
ic s
cale
an
d t
he
con
cep
t o
f ab
solu
te z
ero
)
c)
con
vert
tem
per
atu
res
mea
sure
d in
kel
vin
to
deg
rees
Cel
siu
s an
d r
ecal
l th
at T
/ K
= T
/ °
C +
273
.15
11 T
empe
ratu
re11
.3 P
ract
ical
th
erm
om
eter
sa)
co
mp
are
the
rela
tive
ad
van
tag
es a
nd
dis
adva
nta
ges
of
ther
mis
tor
and
th
erm
oco
up
le t
her
mo
met
ers
as p
revi
ou
sly
calib
rate
d in
stru
men
ts
Section 4: What you need to know
24 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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u s
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able
to
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men
ts
12 T
herm
al p
rope
rtie
s of
mat
eria
ls12
.1 S
pec
ifi c
hea
t ca
pac
ity
and
sp
ecifi
c la
ten
t h
eat
a)
exp
lain
usi
ng
a s
imp
le k
inet
ic m
od
el f
or
mat
ter:
• th
e st
ruct
ure
of
solid
s, li
qu
ids
and
gas
es
• w
hy
mel
tin
g a
nd
bo
ilin
g t
ake
pla
ce w
ith
ou
t a
chan
ge
in
tem
per
atu
re
• w
hy
the
spec
ifi c
late
nt
hea
t o
f va
po
risa
tio
n is
hig
her
th
an s
pec
ifi c
late
nt
hea
t o
f fu
sio
n f
or
the
sam
e su
bst
ance
• w
hy
a co
olin
g e
ffec
t ac
com
pan
ies
evap
ora
tio
n
b)
defi
ne
and
use
th
e co
nce
pt
of
spec
ifi c
hea
t ca
pac
ity,
an
d
iden
tify
th
e m
ain
pri
nci
ple
s o
f it
s d
eter
min
atio
n b
y el
ectr
ical
m
eth
od
s
c)
defi
ne
and
use
th
e co
nce
pt
of
spec
ifi c
late
nt
hea
t, a
nd
id
enti
fy t
he
mai
n p
rin
cip
les
of
its
det
erm
inat
ion
by
elec
tric
al
met
ho
ds
12 T
herm
al p
rope
rtie
s of
mat
eria
ls12
.2 I
nte
rnal
en
erg
y an
d t
he
fi rs
t la
w o
f th
erm
od
ynam
ics
a)
un
der
stan
d t
hat
inte
rnal
en
erg
y is
det
erm
ined
by
the
stat
e o
f th
e sy
stem
an
d t
hat
it c
an b
e ex
pre
ssed
as
the
sum
of
a ra
nd
om
dis
trib
uti
on
of
kin
etic
an
d p
ote
nti
al e
ner
gie
s as
soci
ated
wit
h t
he
mo
lecu
les
of
a sy
stem
b)
rela
te a
ris
e in
tem
per
atu
re o
f a
bo
dy
to a
n in
crea
se in
its
inte
rnal
en
erg
y
c)
reca
ll an
d u
se t
he
fi rs
t la
w o
f th
erm
od
ynam
ics ΔU
= q
+ w
ex
pre
ssed
in t
erm
s o
f th
e in
crea
se in
inte
rnal
en
erg
y, t
he
hea
tin
g o
f th
e sy
stem
(en
erg
y tr
ansf
erre
d t
o t
he
syst
em b
y h
eati
ng
) an
d t
he
wo
rk d
on
e o
n t
he
syst
em
Section 4: What you need to know
25Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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u s
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uld
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to
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men
ts
13 O
scill
atio
ns13
.1 S
imp
le h
arm
on
ic
osc
illat
ion
sa)
d
escr
ibe
sim
ple
exa
mp
les
of
free
osc
illat
ion
s
b)
inve
stig
ate
the
mo
tio
n o
f an
osc
illat
or
usi
ng
exp
erim
enta
l an
d g
rap
hic
al m
eth
od
s
c)
un
der
stan
d a
nd
use
th
e te
rms
amp
litu
de,
per
iod
, fre
qu
ency
, an
gu
lar
freq
uen
cy a
nd
ph
ase
dif
fere
nce
an
d e
xpre
ss t
he
per
iod
in t
erm
s o
f b
oth
fre
qu
ency
an
d a
ng
ula
r fr
equ
ency
d)
reco
gn
ise
and
use
th
e eq
uat
ion
a =
–ω
2 x as
th
e d
efi n
ing
eq
uat
ion
of
sim
ple
har
mo
nic
mo
tio
n
e)
reca
ll an
d u
se x
= x
0 si
n ω
t as
a s
olu
tio
n t
o t
he
equ
atio
n
a
= –ω
2 x
f)
reco
gn
ise
and
use
th
e eq
uat
ion
s v
= v 0
cos ω
t an
d
v
= ± ω
xx
022
-
g)
des
crib
e, w
ith
gra
ph
ical
illu
stra
tio
ns,
th
e ch
ang
es in
d
isp
lace
men
t, v
elo
city
an
d a
ccel
erat
ion
du
rin
g s
imp
le
har
mo
nic
mo
tio
n
13 O
scill
atio
ns13
.2 E
ner
gy
in s
imp
le
har
mo
nic
mo
tio
na)
d
escr
ibe
the
inte
rch
ang
e b
etw
een
kin
etic
an
d p
ote
nti
al
ener
gy
du
rin
g s
imp
le h
arm
on
ic m
oti
on
13 O
scill
atio
ns13
.3 D
amp
ed a
nd
fo
rced
osc
illat
ion
s,
reso
nan
ce
a)
des
crib
e p
ract
ical
exa
mp
les
of
dam
ped
osc
illat
ion
s w
ith
p
arti
cula
r re
fere
nce
to
th
e ef
fect
s o
f th
e d
egre
e o
f d
amp
ing
an
d t
he
imp
ort
ance
of
crit
ical
dam
pin
g
b)
des
crib
e p
ract
ical
exa
mp
les
of
forc
ed o
scill
atio
ns
and
re
son
ance
c)
des
crib
e g
rap
hic
ally
ho
w t
he
amp
litu
de
of
a fo
rced
o
scill
atio
n c
han
ges
wit
h f
req
uen
cy n
ear
to t
he
nat
ura
l fr
equ
ency
of
the
syst
em, a
nd
un
der
stan
d q
ual
itat
ivel
y th
e fa
cto
rs t
hat
det
erm
ine
the
freq
uen
cy r
esp
on
se a
nd
sh
arp
nes
s o
f th
e re
son
ance
d)
app
reci
ate
that
th
ere
are
som
e ci
rcu
mst
ance
s in
wh
ich
re
son
ance
is u
sefu
l an
d o
ther
cir
cum
stan
ces
in w
hic
h
reso
nan
ce s
ho
uld
be
avo
ided
Section 4: What you need to know
26 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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u s
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uld
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able
to
:C
om
men
ts
14 W
aves
14.1
Pro
gre
ssiv
e w
aves
a)
desc
ribe
wha
t is
mea
nt b
y w
ave
mot
ion
as il
lust
rate
d by
vi
brat
ion
in r
opes
, spr
ings
and
rip
ple
tank
s
b)
unde
rsta
nd a
nd u
se t
he t
erm
s di
spla
cem
ent,
am
plitu
de, p
hase
di
ffer
ence
, per
iod,
fre
quen
cy, w
avel
engt
h an
d sp
eed
c)
dedu
ce, f
rom
the
defi
niti
ons
of s
peed
, fre
quen
cy a
nd
wav
elen
gth,
the
wav
e eq
uatio
n v
= f
λd)
re
call
and
use
the
equa
tion
v =
f λ
e)
unde
rsta
nd t
hat
ener
gy is
tra
nsfe
rred
by
a pr
ogre
ssiv
e w
ave
f)
reca
ll an
d us
e th
e re
latio
nshi
p in
tens
ity ∝
(am
plitu
de)2
14 W
aves
14.2
Tra
nsv
erse
an
d
lon
git
ud
inal
wav
esa)
co
mpa
re t
rans
vers
e an
d lo
ngitu
dina
l wav
es
b)
anal
yse
and
inte
rpre
t gr
aphi
cal r
epre
sent
atio
ns o
f tr
ansv
erse
and
lo
ngitu
dina
l wav
es
14 W
aves
14.3
Det
erm
inat
ion
of
freq
uen
cy a
nd
w
avel
eng
th o
f so
un
d w
aves
a)
dete
rmin
e th
e fr
eque
ncy
of s
ound
usi
ng a
cal
ibra
ted
cath
ode-
ray
osci
llosc
ope
(c.r
.o.)
b)
dete
rmin
e th
e w
avel
engt
h of
sou
nd u
sing
sta
tiona
ry w
aves
14 W
aves
14.4
Do
pp
ler
effe
cta)
un
ders
tand
tha
t w
hen
a so
urce
of
wav
es m
oves
rel
ativ
e to
a
stat
iona
ry o
bser
ver,
the
re is
a c
hang
e in
obs
erve
d fr
eque
ncy
b)
use
the
expr
essi
on f o
=
f sv
(v ±
vs)
for
the
obse
rved
fre
quen
cy
w
hen
a so
urce
of
soun
d w
aves
mov
es r
elat
ive
to a
sta
tiona
ry
obse
rver
c)
appr
ecia
te t
hat
Dop
pler
shi
ft is
obs
erve
d w
ith a
ll w
aves
, in
clud
ing
soun
d an
d lig
ht
14 W
aves
14.5
Ele
ctro
mag
net
ic
spec
tru
ma)
st
ate
that
all
elec
trom
agne
tic w
aves
tra
vel w
ith t
he s
ame
spee
d in
fre
e sp
ace
and
reca
ll th
e or
ders
of
mag
nitu
de o
f th
e w
avel
engt
hs o
f th
e pr
inci
pal r
adia
tions
fro
m r
adio
wav
es t
o γ-
rays
Section 4: What you need to know
27Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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men
ts
14 W
aves
14.6
Pro
du
ctio
n a
nd
u
se o
f u
ltra
sou
nd
in
dia
gn
osi
s
a)
exp
lain
th
e p
rin
cip
les
of
the
gen
erat
ion
an
d d
etec
tio
n o
f u
ltra
son
ic w
aves
usi
ng
pie
zo-e
lect
ric
tran
sdu
cers
b)
exp
lain
th
e m
ain
pri
nci
ple
s b
ehin
d t
he
use
of
ult
raso
un
d t
o
ob
tain
dia
gn
ost
ic in
form
atio
n a
bo
ut
inte
rnal
str
uct
ure
s
c)
un
der
stan
d t
he
mea
nin
g o
f sp
ecifi
c ac
ou
stic
imp
edan
ce a
nd
it
s im
po
rtan
ce t
o t
he
inte
nsi
ty r
efl e
ctio
n c
oef
fi ci
ent
at a
b
ou
nd
ary
d)
reca
ll an
d s
olv
e p
rob
lem
s b
y u
sin
g t
he
equ
atio
n I
= I
0e–μ
x fo
r th
e at
ten
uat
ion
of
ult
raso
un
d in
mat
ter
15 S
uper
posi
tion
15.1
Sta
tio
nar
y w
aves
a)
expl
ain
and
use
the
prin
cipl
e of
sup
erpo
sitio
n in
sim
ple
appl
icat
ions
b)
show
an
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
exp
erim
ents
tha
t de
mon
stra
te
stat
iona
ry w
aves
usi
ng m
icro
wav
es, s
tret
ched
str
ings
and
air
colu
mns
c)
expl
ain
the
form
atio
n of
a s
tatio
nary
wav
e us
ing
a gr
aphi
cal
met
hod,
and
iden
tify
node
s an
d an
tinod
es
15 S
uper
posi
tion
15.2
Dif
frac
tio
na)
ex
plai
n th
e m
eani
ng o
f th
e te
rm d
iffra
ctio
n
b)
show
an
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
exp
erim
ents
tha
t de
mon
stra
te
diff
ract
ion
incl
udin
g th
e di
ffra
ctio
n of
wat
er w
aves
in a
rip
ple
tank
with
bot
h a
wid
e ga
p an
d a
narr
ow g
ap
15 S
uper
posi
tion
15.3
In
terf
eren
ce, t
wo
-so
urc
e in
terf
eren
cea)
un
ders
tand
the
ter
ms
inte
rfer
ence
and
coh
eren
ce
b)
show
an
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
exp
erim
ents
tha
t de
mon
stra
te t
wo-
sour
ce in
terf
eren
ce u
sing
wat
er r
ippl
es, l
ight
and
mic
row
aves
c)
unde
rsta
nd t
he c
ondi
tions
req
uire
d if
two-
sour
ce in
terf
eren
ce
frin
ges
are
to b
e ob
serv
ed
d)
reca
ll an
d so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
the
equa
tion λ
= ax D
for
doub
le-
slit
inte
rfer
ence
usi
ng li
ght
15 S
uper
posi
tion
15.4
Dif
frac
tio
n g
rati
ng
sa)
re
call
and
solv
e pr
oble
ms
usin
g th
e fo
rmul
a d
sin θ
= nλ
b)
desc
ribe
the
use
of a
diff
ract
ion
grat
ing
to d
eter
min
e th
e w
avel
engt
h of
ligh
t (t
he s
truc
ture
and
use
of
the
spec
trom
eter
ar
e no
t in
clud
ed)
Section 4: What you need to know
28 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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u s
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om
men
ts
16 C
omm
unic
atio
n16
.1 C
om
mu
nic
atio
n
chan
nel
sa)
ap
pre
ciat
e th
at in
form
atio
n m
ay b
e ca
rrie
d b
y a
nu
mb
er o
f d
iffe
ren
t ch
ann
els,
incl
ud
ing
wir
e-p
airs
, co
axia
l cab
les,
rad
io
and
mic
row
ave
links
, op
tic
fi b
res
16 C
omm
unic
atio
n16
.2 M
od
ula
tio
na)
u
nd
erst
and
th
e te
rm m
od
ula
tio
n a
nd
be
able
to
dis
tin
gu
ish
b
etw
een
am
plit
ud
e m
od
ula
tio
n (
AM
) an
d f
req
uen
cy
mo
du
lati
on
(FM
)
b)
reca
ll th
at a
car
rier
wav
e, a
mp
litu
de
mo
du
late
d b
y a
sin
gle
au
dio
fre
qu
ency
, is
equ
ival
ent
to t
he
carr
ier
wav
e fr
equ
ency
to
get
her
wit
h t
wo
sid
eban
d f
req
uen
cies
c)
un
der
stan
d t
he
term
ban
dw
idth
d)
reca
ll th
e fr
equ
enci
es a
nd
wav
elen
gth
s u
sed
in d
iffe
ren
t ch
ann
els
of
com
mu
nic
atio
n
e)
dem
on
stra
te a
n a
war
enes
s o
f th
e re
lati
ve a
dva
nta
ges
of
AM
an
d F
M t
ran
smis
sio
ns
16 C
omm
unic
atio
n16
.3 D
igit
al
com
mu
nic
atio
na)
re
call
the
adva
nta
ges
of
the
tran
smis
sio
n o
f d
ata
in d
igit
al
form
, co
mp
ared
wit
h t
he
tran
smis
sio
n o
f d
ata
in a
nal
og
ue
form
b)
un
der
stan
d t
hat
th
e d
igit
al t
ran
smis
sio
n o
f sp
eech
or
mu
sic
invo
lves
an
alo
gu
e-to
-dig
ital
co
nve
rsio
n (
AD
C)
bef
ore
tr
ansm
issi
on
an
d d
igit
al-t
o-a
nal
og
ue
con
vers
ion
(D
AC
) af
ter
rece
pti
on
c)
un
der
stan
d t
he
effe
ct o
f th
e sa
mp
ling
rat
e an
d t
he
nu
mb
er
of
bit
s in
eac
h s
amp
le o
n t
he
rep
rod
uct
ion
of
an in
pu
t si
gn
al
16 C
omm
unic
atio
n16
.4 R
elat
ive
mer
its
of
chan
nel
s o
f co
mm
un
icat
ion
a)
dis
cuss
th
e re
lati
ve a
dva
nta
ges
an
d d
isad
van
tag
es o
f ch
ann
els
of
com
mu
nic
atio
n in
ter
ms
of
avai
lab
le b
and
wid
th,
no
ise,
cro
sslin
kin
g, s
ecu
rity
, sig
nal
att
enu
atio
n, r
epea
ters
an
d r
egen
erat
ion
b)
reca
ll th
e re
lati
ve m
erit
s o
f b
oth
geo
stat
ion
ary
and
po
lar
orb
itin
g s
atel
lites
fo
r co
mm
un
icat
ing
info
rmat
ion
Section 4: What you need to know
29Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
Top
icS
ub
-to
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Yo
u s
ho
uld
be
able
to
:C
om
men
ts
16 C
omm
unic
atio
n16
.5 A
tten
uat
ion
a)
un
der
stan
d a
nd
use
sig
nal
att
enu
atio
n e
xpre
ssed
in d
B a
nd
d
B p
er u
nit
len
gth
b)
reca
ll an
d u
se t
he
exp
ress
ion
nu
mb
er o
f d
B =
10
lg
PP 21cm
for
the
rati
o o
f tw
o p
ow
ers
17 E
lect
ric F
ield
s17
.1 C
on
cep
t o
f an
el
ectr
ic fi
eld
a)
unde
rsta
nd t
he c
once
pt o
f an
ele
ctric
fi el
d as
an
exam
ple
of a
fi e
ld o
f fo
rce
and
defi n
e el
ectr
ic fi
eld
stre
ngth
as
forc
e pe
r un
it po
sitiv
e ch
arge
act
ing
on a
sta
tiona
ry p
oint
cha
rge
b)
repr
esen
t an
ele
ctric
fi el
d by
mea
ns o
f fi e
ld li
nes
17 E
lect
ric F
ield
s17
.2 U
nif
orm
ele
ctri
c fi
eld
s a)
re
call
and
use
E =
ΔV Δd t
o ca
lcul
ate
the
fi eld
str
engt
h of
the
un
iform
fi el
d
be
twee
n ch
arge
d pa
ralle
l pla
tes
in t
erm
s of
pot
entia
l diff
eren
ce
and
sepa
ratio
n
b)
calc
ulat
e th
e fo
rces
on
char
ges
in u
nifo
rm e
lect
ric fi
elds
c)
desc
ribe
the
effe
ct o
f a
unifo
rm e
lect
ric fi
eld
on t
he m
otio
n of
ch
arge
d pa
rtic
les
17 E
lect
ric F
ield
s17
.3 E
lect
ric
forc
es
bet
wee
n p
oin
t ch
arg
es
a)
un
der
stan
d t
hat
, fo
r an
y p
oin
t o
uts
ide
a sp
her
ical
co
nd
uct
or,
th
e ch
arg
e o
n t
he
sph
ere
may
be
con
sid
ered
to
ac
t as
a p
oin
t ch
arg
e at
its
cen
tre
b)
reca
ll an
d u
se C
ou
lom
b’s
law
in t
he
form
F =
Q1Q
2
4πε 0
r 2 fo
r th
e fo
rce
b
etw
een
tw
o p
oin
t ch
arg
es in
fre
e sp
ace
or
air
17 E
lect
ric F
ield
s17
.4 E
lect
ric
fi el
d o
f a
po
int
char
ge
a)
reca
ll an
d u
se E
=
Q
4πε 0
r 2 fo
r th
e fi
eld
str
eng
th o
f a
po
int
ch
arg
e in
fre
e sp
ace
or
air
Section 4: What you need to know
30 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
Top
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ub
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Yo
u s
ho
uld
be
able
to
:C
om
men
ts
17 E
lect
ric F
ield
s17
.5 E
lect
ric
po
ten
tial
a)
defi
ne
po
ten
tial
at
a p
oin
t as
th
e w
ork
do
ne
per
un
it
po
siti
ve c
har
ge
in b
rin
gin
g a
sm
all t
est
char
ge
fro
m in
fi n
ity
to t
he
po
int
b)
stat
e th
at t
he
fi el
d s
tren
gth
of
the
fi el
d a
t a
po
int
is e
qu
al t
o
the
neg
ativ
e o
f p
ote
nti
al g
rad
ien
t at
th
at p
oin
t
c)
use
th
e eq
uat
ion
V =
Q
4πε 0
r fo
r th
e p
ote
nti
al in
th
e fi
eld
of
a p
oin
t ch
arg
e
d)
reco
gn
ise
the
anal
og
y b
etw
een
cer
tain
qu
alit
ativ
e an
d
qu
anti
tati
ve a
spec
ts o
f el
ectr
ic fi
eld
s an
d g
ravi
tati
on
al fi
eld
s
18 C
apac
itanc
e18
.1 C
apac
ito
rs a
nd
ca
pac
itan
cea)
d
efi n
e ca
pac
itan
ce a
nd
th
e fa
rad
, as
app
lied
to
bo
th is
ola
ted
co
nd
uct
ors
an
d t
o p
aral
lel p
late
cap
acit
ors
b)
reca
ll an
d u
se C
= Q V
c)
der
ive,
usi
ng
th
e fo
rmu
la C
= Q V
, co
nse
rvat
ion
of
char
ge
and
th
e
ad
dit
ion
of
po
ten
tial
dif
fere
nce
s, f
orm
ula
e fo
r co
mb
ined
ca
pac
itan
ce f
or
cap
acit
ors
in s
erie
s an
d in
par
alle
l
d)
solv
e p
rob
lem
s u
sin
g t
he
cap
acit
ance
fo
rmu
lae
for
cap
acit
ors
in s
erie
s an
d in
par
alle
l
18 C
apac
itanc
e18
.2 E
ner
gy
sto
red
in a
ca
pac
ito
ra)
d
edu
ce, f
rom
th
e ar
ea u
nd
er a
po
ten
tial
-ch
arg
e g
rap
h, t
he
eq
uat
ion
W =
1 2Q
V a
nd
hen
ce W
= 1 2
CV
2
b)
sho
w a
n u
nd
erst
and
ing
of
the
fun
ctio
ns
of
cap
acit
ors
in
sim
ple
cir
cuit
s
19 C
urre
nt o
f el
ectr
icity
19.1
Ele
ctri
c cu
rren
ta)
un
ders
tand
tha
t el
ectr
ic c
urre
nt is
a fl
ow o
f ch
arge
car
riers
b)
unde
rsta
nd t
hat
the
char
ge o
n ch
arge
car
riers
is q
uant
ised
c)
defi n
e th
e co
ulom
b
d)
reca
ll an
d us
e Q
= I
t
e)
deriv
e an
d us
e, f
or a
cur
rent
-car
ryin
g co
nduc
tor,
the
exp
ress
ion
I =
Anv
q, w
here
n is
the
num
ber
dens
ity o
f ch
arge
car
riers
Section 4: What you need to know
31Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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ub
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Yo
u s
ho
uld
be
able
to
:C
om
men
ts
19 C
urre
nt o
f el
ectr
icity
19.2
Po
ten
tial
dif
fere
nce
an
d p
ow
era)
de
fi ne
pote
ntia
l diff
eren
ce a
nd t
he v
olt
b)
reca
ll an
d us
e V
= W Q
c)
reca
ll an
d us
e P
= VI
and
P =
I2 R
19 C
urre
nt o
f el
ectr
icity
19.3
Res
ista
nce
an
d
resi
stiv
ity
a)
defi n
e re
sist
ance
and
the
ohm
b)
reca
ll an
d us
e V
= I
R
c)
sket
ch a
nd d
iscu
ss t
he I
–V c
hara
cter
istic
s of
a m
etal
lic
cond
ucto
r at
con
stan
t te
mpe
ratu
re, a
sem
icon
duct
or d
iode
and
a
fi lam
ent
lam
p
d)
stat
e O
hm’s
law
e)
reca
ll an
d us
e R
= ρ
L A
19 C
urre
nt o
f el
ectr
icity
19.4
Sen
sin
g d
evic
esa)
sh
ow
an
un
der
stan
din
g o
f th
e ch
ang
e in
res
ista
nce
wit
h
ligh
t in
ten
sity
of
a lig
ht-
dep
end
ent
resi
sto
r (L
DR
)
b)
sket
ch t
he
tem
per
atu
re c
har
acte
rist
ic o
f a
neg
ativ
e te
mp
erat
ure
co
effi
cien
t th
erm
isto
r
c)
sho
w a
n u
nd
erst
and
ing
of
the
acti
on
of
a p
iezo
-ele
ctri
c tr
ansd
uce
r an
d it
s ap
plic
atio
n in
a s
imp
le m
icro
ph
on
e
d)
des
crib
e th
e st
ruct
ure
of
a m
etal
-wir
e st
rain
gau
ge
e)
rela
te e
xten
sion
of a
str
ain
gaug
e to
cha
nge
in r
esis
tanc
e of
th
e ga
uge
Section 4: What you need to know
32 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
Top
icS
ub
-to
pic
Yo
u s
ho
uld
be
able
to
:C
om
men
ts
20 D
.C. c
ircui
ts20
.1 P
ract
ical
cir
cuit
sa)
re
call
and
use
appr
opria
te c
ircui
t sy
mbo
ls a
s se
t ou
t in
the
AS
E
publ
icat
ion
Sign
s, S
ymbo
ls a
nd S
yste
mat
ics
(exa
mpl
e ci
rcui
t sy
mbo
ls a
re g
iven
in S
ectio
n 5.
5.)
b)
draw
and
inte
rpre
t ci
rcui
t di
agra
ms
cont
aini
ng s
ourc
es,
switc
hes,
res
isto
rs, a
mm
eter
s, v
oltm
eter
s, a
nd/o
r an
y ot
her
type
of
com
pone
nt r
efer
red
to in
the
syl
labu
s
c)
defi n
e el
ectr
omot
ive
forc
e (e
.m.f
.) in
ter
ms
of t
he e
nerg
y tr
ansf
erre
d by
a s
ourc
e in
driv
ing
unit
char
ge r
ound
a c
ompl
ete
circ
uit
d)
dist
ingu
ish
betw
een
e.m
.f. a
nd p
oten
tial d
iffer
ence
(p.d
.) in
te
rms
of e
nerg
y co
nsid
erat
ions
e)
unde
rsta
nd t
he e
ffec
ts o
f th
e in
tern
al r
esis
tanc
e of
a s
ourc
e of
e.
m.f
. on
the
term
inal
pot
entia
l diff
eren
ce
20 D
.C. c
ircui
ts20
.2 K
irch
ho
ff’s
law
sa)
re
call
Kirc
hhof
f’s
fi rst
law
and
app
reci
ate
the
link
to c
onse
rvat
ion
of c
harg
e
b)
reca
ll K
irchh
off’
s se
cond
law
and
app
reci
ate
the
link
to
cons
erva
tion
of e
nerg
y
c)
deriv
e, u
sing
Kirc
hhof
f’s
law
s, a
for
mul
a fo
r th
e co
mbi
ned
resi
stan
ce o
f tw
o or
mor
e re
sist
ors
in s
erie
s
d)
solv
e pr
oble
ms
usin
g th
e fo
rmul
a fo
r th
e co
mbi
ned
resi
stan
ce o
f tw
o or
mor
e re
sist
ors
in s
erie
s
e)
deriv
e, u
sing
Kirc
hhof
f’s
law
s, a
for
mul
a fo
r th
e co
mbi
ned
resi
stan
ce o
f tw
o or
mor
e re
sist
ors
in p
aral
lel
f)
solv
e pr
oble
ms
usin
g th
e fo
rmul
a fo
r th
e co
mbi
ned
resi
stan
ce o
f tw
o or
mor
e re
sist
ors
in p
aral
lel
g)
appl
y K
irchh
off’
s la
ws
to s
olve
sim
ple
circ
uit
prob
lem
s
Section 4: What you need to know
33Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
Top
icS
ub
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pic
Yo
u s
ho
uld
be
able
to
:C
om
men
ts
20 D
.C. c
ircui
ts20
.3 P
ote
nti
al d
ivid
ers
a)
unde
rsta
nd t
he p
rinci
ple
of a
pot
entia
l div
ider
circ
uit
as a
sou
rce
of v
aria
ble
p.d.
b)
reca
ll an
d so
lve
prob
lem
s us
ing
the
prin
cipl
e of
the
po
tent
iom
eter
as
a m
eans
of
com
parin
g po
tent
ial d
iffer
ence
s
c)
un
der
stan
d t
hat
an
ele
ctro
nic
sen
sor
con
sist
s o
f a
sen
sin
g
dev
ice
and
a c
ircu
it t
hat
pro
vid
es a
n o
utp
ut
that
can
be
reg
iste
red
as
a vo
ltag
e
d)
exp
lain
th
e u
se o
f th
erm
isto
rs, l
igh
t-d
epen
den
t re
sist
ors
an
d s
trai
n g
aug
es in
po
ten
tial
div
ider
s to
pro
vid
e a
po
ten
tial
d
iffe
ren
ce t
hat
is d
epen
den
t o
n t
emp
erat
ure
, illu
min
atio
n
and
str
ain
res
pec
tive
ly
21 E
lect
roni
cs21
.1 T
he
idea
l o
per
atio
nal
am
plifi
er
a)
reca
ll th
e m
ain
pro
per
ties
of
the
idea
l op
erat
ion
al a
mp
lifi e
r (o
p-a
mp
)
21 E
lect
roni
cs21
.2 O
per
atio
nal
am
plifi
er
circ
uit
sa)
d
edu
ce, f
rom
th
e p
rop
erti
es o
f an
idea
l op
erat
ion
al
amp
lifi e
r, t
he
use
of
an o
per
atio
nal
am
plifi
er
as a
co
mp
arat
or
b)
un
der
stan
d t
he
effe
cts
of
neg
ativ
e fe
edb
ack
on
th
e g
ain
of
an o
per
atio
nal
am
plifi
er
c)
reca
ll th
e ci
rcu
it d
iag
ram
s fo
r b
oth
th
e in
vert
ing
an
d t
he
no
n-i
nve
rtin
g a
mp
lifi e
r fo
r si
ng
le s
ign
al in
pu
t
d)
un
der
stan
d t
he
virt
ual
ear
th a
pp
roxi
mat
ion
an
d d
eriv
e an
ex
pre
ssio
n f
or
the
gai
n o
f in
vert
ing
am
plifi
ers
e)
reca
ll an
d u
se e
xpre
ssio
ns
for
the
volt
age
gai
n o
f in
vert
ing
an
d o
f n
on
-in
vert
ing
am
plifi
ers
Section 4: What you need to know
34 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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ts
21 E
lect
roni
cs21
.3 O
utp
ut
dev
ices
a)
un
der
stan
d t
hat
an
ou
tpu
t d
evic
e m
ay b
e re
qu
ired
to
m
on
ito
r th
e o
utp
ut
of
an o
p-a
mp
cir
cuit
b)
un
der
stan
d t
he
use
of
rela
ys in
ele
ctro
nic
cir
cuit
s
c)
un
der
stan
d t
he
use
of
ligh
t-em
itti
ng
dio
des
(LE
Ds)
as
dev
ices
to
ind
icat
e th
e st
ate
of
the
ou
tpu
t o
f el
ectr
on
ic
circ
uit
s
d)
un
der
stan
d t
he
nee
d f
or
calib
rati
on
wh
ere
dig
ital
or
anal
og
ue
met
ers
are
use
d a
s o
utp
ut
dev
ices
22 M
agne
tic fi
elds
22.1
Co
nce
pt
of
mag
net
ic fi
eld
a)
un
der
stan
d t
hat
a m
agn
etic
fi el
d is
an
exa
mp
le o
f a
fi el
d o
f fo
rce
pro
du
ced
eit
her
by
curr
ent-
carr
yin
g c
on
du
cto
rs o
r b
y p
erm
anen
t m
agn
ets
b)
rep
rese
nt
a m
agn
etic
fi el
d b
y fi
eld
lin
es
22 M
agne
tic fi
elds
22.2
Fo
rce
on
a c
urr
ent-
carr
yin
g c
on
du
cto
ra)
ap
pre
ciat
e th
at a
fo
rce
mig
ht
act
on
a c
urr
ent-
carr
yin
g
con
du
cto
r p
lace
d in
a m
agn
etic
fi el
d
b)
reca
ll an
d s
olv
e p
rob
lem
s u
sin
g t
he
equ
atio
n F
= B
IL s
in θ,
w
ith
dir
ecti
on
s as
inte
rpre
ted
by
Flem
ing
’s le
ft-h
and
ru
le
c)
defi
ne
mag
net
ic fl
ux
den
sity
an
d t
he
tesl
a
d)
un
der
stan
d h
ow
th
e fo
rce
on
a c
urr
ent-
carr
yin
g c
on
du
cto
r ca
n b
e u
sed
to
mea
sure
th
e fl
ux
den
sity
of
a m
agn
etic
fi el
d
usi
ng
a c
urr
ent
bal
ance
Section 4: What you need to know
35Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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ts
22 M
agne
tic fi
elds
22.3
Fo
rce
on
a m
ovi
ng
ch
arg
ea)
p
red
ict
the
dir
ecti
on
of t
he
forc
e o
n a
ch
arg
e m
ovi
ng
in a
m
agn
etic
fi el
d
b)
reca
ll an
d s
olv
e p
rob
lem
s u
sin
g F
= B
Qv
sin
θ
c)
deri
ve t
he e
xpre
ssio
n V
H =
BI
ntq
for
the
Hal
l vol
tage
, whe
re t
=
thic
knes
s
d)
des
crib
e an
d a
nal
yse
qu
alit
ativ
ely
the
defl
ect
ion
of b
eam
s o
f ch
arg
ed p
arti
cles
by
un
iform
ele
ctri
c an
d u
nifo
rm m
agn
etic
fi
eld
s
e)
exp
lain
ho
w e
lect
ric
and
mag
net
ic fi
eld
s ca
n b
e u
sed
in
velo
city
sel
ecti
on
f)
exp
lain
th
e m
ain
pri
nci
ple
s o
f on
e m
eth
od
for
the
det
erm
inat
ion
of
v
and
e m
e fo
r el
ectr
on
s
22 M
agne
tic fi
elds
22.4
Mag
net
ic fi
eld
s d
ue
to c
urr
ents
a)
sket
ch fl
ux
pat
tern
s d
ue
to a
lon
g s
trai
gh
t w
ire,
a fl
at
circ
ula
r co
il an
d a
lon
g s
ole
no
id
b)
un
der
stan
d t
hat
th
e fi
eld
du
e to
a s
ole
no
id is
infl
uen
ced
by
the
pre
sen
ce o
f a
ferr
ou
s co
re
c)
exp
lain
th
e fo
rces
bet
wee
n c
urr
ent-
carr
yin
g c
on
du
cto
rs a
nd
p
red
ict
the
dir
ecti
on
of
the
forc
es
d)
des
crib
e an
d c
om
par
e th
e fo
rces
on
mas
s, c
har
ge
and
cu
rren
t in
gra
vita
tio
nal
, ele
ctri
c an
d m
agn
etic
fi el
ds,
as
app
rop
riat
e
22 M
agne
tic fi
elds
22.5
Nu
clea
r m
agn
etic
re
son
ance
imag
ing
a)
exp
lain
th
e m
ain
pri
nci
ple
s b
ehin
d t
he
use
of
nu
clea
r m
agn
etic
res
on
ance
imag
ing
(N
MR
I) t
o o
bta
in d
iag
no
stic
in
form
atio
n a
bo
ut
inte
rnal
str
uct
ure
s
b)
un
der
stan
d t
he
fun
ctio
n o
f th
e n
on
-un
ifo
rm m
agn
etic
fi el
d,
sup
erim
po
sed
on
th
e la
rge
con
stan
t m
agn
etic
fi el
d, i
n
dia
gn
osi
s u
sin
g N
MR
I
Section 4: What you need to know
36 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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23 E
lect
rom
agne
tic
indu
ctio
n23
.1 L
aws
of
elec
tro
mag
net
ic
ind
uct
ion
a)
defi
ne
mag
net
ic fl
ux
and
th
e w
eber
b)
reca
ll an
d u
se Φ
= B
A
c)
defi
ne
mag
net
ic fl
ux
linka
ge
d)
infe
r fr
om
ap
pro
pri
ate
exp
erim
ents
on
ele
ctro
mag
net
ic
ind
uct
ion
:
• th
at a
ch
ang
ing
mag
net
ic fl
ux
can
ind
uce
an
e.m
.f. i
n a
ci
rcu
it
• th
at t
he
dir
ecti
on
of
the
ind
uce
d e
.m.f
. op
po
ses
the
chan
ge
pro
du
cin
g it
• th
e fa
cto
rs a
ffec
tin
g t
he
mag
nit
ud
e o
f th
e in
du
ced
e.m
.f.
e)
reca
ll an
d s
olv
e p
rob
lem
s u
sin
g F
arad
ay’s
law
of
elec
tro
mag
net
ic in
du
ctio
n a
nd
Len
z’s
law
f)
exp
lain
sim
ple
ap
plic
atio
ns
of
elec
tro
mag
net
ic in
du
ctio
n
24 A
ltern
atin
g cu
rren
ts24
.1 C
har
acte
rist
ics
of
alte
rnat
ing
cu
rren
ts
a)
un
der
stan
d a
nd
use
th
e te
rms
per
iod
, fre
qu
ency
, pea
k va
lue
and
ro
ot-
mea
n-s
qu
are
valu
e as
ap
plie
d t
o a
n a
lter
nat
ing
cu
rren
t o
r vo
ltag
e
b)
ded
uce
th
at t
he
mea
n p
ow
er in
a r
esis
tive
load
is h
alf
the
max
imu
m p
ow
er f
or
a si
nu
soid
al a
lter
nat
ing
cu
rren
t
c)
rep
rese
nt
a si
nu
soid
ally
alt
ern
atin
g c
urr
ent
or
volt
age
by
an
equ
atio
n o
f th
e fo
rm x
= x
0 si
nω
t
d)
dis
tin
gu
ish
bet
wee
n r
.m.s
. an
d p
eak
valu
es a
nd
rec
all a
nd
so
lve
p
rob
lem
s u
sin
g t
he
rela
tio
nsh
ip I
=
I 0 2 f
or
the
sin
uso
idal
ca
se
24 A
ltern
atin
g cu
rren
ts24
.2 T
he
tran
sfo
rmer
a)
u
nd
erst
and
th
e p
rin
cip
le o
f o
per
atio
n o
f a
sim
ple
lam
inat
ed
iro
n-c
ore
d t
ran
sfo
rmer
an
d r
ecal
l an
d s
olv
e p
rob
lem
s
u
sin
g N
s
Np =
Vs
Vp =
I p I s f
or
an id
eal t
ran
sfo
rmer
b)
un
der
stan
d t
he
sou
rces
of
ener
gy
loss
in a
pra
ctic
al
tran
sfo
rmer
Section 4: What you need to know
37Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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u s
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uld
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able
to
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men
ts
24 A
ltern
atin
g cu
rren
ts24
.3 T
ran
smis
sio
n o
f el
ectr
ical
en
erg
ya)
ap
pre
ciat
e th
e p
ract
ical
an
d e
con
om
ic a
dva
nta
ges
of
alte
rnat
ing
cu
rren
t an
d o
f h
igh
vo
ltag
es f
or
the
tran
smis
sio
n
of
elec
tric
al e
ner
gy
24 A
ltern
atin
g cu
rren
ts24
.4
Rec
tifi
cati
on
a)
dis
tin
gu
ish
gra
ph
ical
ly b
etw
een
hal
f-w
ave
and
fu
ll-w
ave
rect
ifi ca
tio
n
b)
exp
lain
th
e u
se o
f a
sin
gle
dio
de
for
the
hal
f-w
ave
rect
ifi ca
tio
n o
f an
alt
ern
atin
g c
urr
ent
c)
exp
lain
th
e u
se o
f fo
ur
dio
des
(b
rid
ge
rect
ifi er
) fo
r th
e fu
ll-w
ave
rect
ifi ca
tio
n o
f an
alt
ern
atin
g c
urr
ent
d)
anal
yse
the
effe
ct o
f a
sin
gle
cap
acit
or
in s
mo
oth
ing
, in
clu
din
g t
he
effe
ct o
f th
e va
lue
of
cap
acit
ance
in r
elat
ion
to
th
e lo
ad r
esis
tan
ce
25 Q
uant
um p
hysi
cs25
.1 E
ner
gy
of
a p
ho
ton
a)
app
reci
ate
the
par
ticu
late
nat
ure
of
elec
tro
mag
net
ic
rad
iati
on
b)
reca
ll an
d u
se E
= h
f
25 Q
uant
um p
hysi
cs25
.2 P
ho
toel
ectr
ic
emis
sio
n o
f el
ectr
on
s
a)
un
der
stan
d t
hat
th
e p
ho
toel
ectr
ic e
ffec
t p
rovi
des
evi
den
ce
for
a p
arti
cula
te n
atu
re o
f el
ectr
om
agn
etic
rad
iati
on
wh
ile
ph
eno
men
a su
ch a
s in
terf
eren
ce a
nd
dif
frac
tio
n p
rovi
de
evid
ence
fo
r a
wav
e n
atu
re
b)
reca
ll th
e si
gn
ifi ca
nce
of
thre
sho
ld f
req
uen
cy
c)
exp
lain
ph
oto
elec
tric
ph
eno
men
a in
ter
ms
of
ph
oto
n e
ner
gy
and
wo
rk f
un
ctio
n e
ner
gy
d)
exp
lain
wh
y th
e m
axim
um
ph
oto
elec
tric
en
erg
y is
in
dep
end
ent
of
inte
nsi
ty, w
her
eas
the
ph
oto
elec
tric
cu
rren
t is
pro
po
rtio
nal
to
inte
nsi
ty
e)
reca
ll, u
se a
nd
exp
lain
th
e si
gn
ifi ca
nce
of
hf
= Φ
+ 1 2
mv m
ax2
25 Q
uant
um p
hysi
cs25
.3 W
ave-
par
ticl
e d
ual
ity
a)
des
crib
e an
d in
terp
ret
qu
alit
ativ
ely
the
evid
ence
pro
vid
ed
by
elec
tro
n d
iffr
acti
on
fo
r th
e w
ave
nat
ure
of
par
ticl
es
b)
reca
ll an
d u
se t
he
rela
tio
n f
or
the
de
Bro
glie
wav
elen
gth
λ
= h p
Section 4: What you need to know
38 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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ts
25 Q
uant
um p
hysi
cs25
.4 E
ner
gy
leve
ls in
at
om
s an
d li
ne
spec
tra
a)
sho
w a
n u
nd
erst
and
ing
of
the
exis
ten
ce o
f d
iscr
ete
elec
tro
n
ener
gy
leve
ls in
iso
late
d a
tom
s (e
.g. a
tom
ic h
ydro
gen
) an
d
ded
uce
ho
w t
his
lead
s to
sp
ectr
al li
nes
b)
dis
tin
gu
ish
bet
wee
n e
mis
sio
n a
nd
ab
sorp
tio
n li
ne
spec
tra
c)
reca
ll an
d s
olv
e p
rob
lem
s u
sin
g t
he
rela
tio
n h
f =
E1
– E
2
25 Q
uant
um p
hysi
cs25
.5 B
and
th
eory
a)
app
reci
ate
that
, in
a s
imp
le m
od
el o
f b
and
th
eory
, th
ere
are
ener
gy
ban
ds
in s
olid
s
b)
un
der
stan
d t
he
term
s va
len
ce b
and
, co
nd
uct
ion
ban
d a
nd
fo
rbid
den
ban
d (
ban
d g
ap)
c)
use
sim
ple
ban
d t
heo
ry t
o e
xpla
in t
he
tem
per
atu
re
dep
end
ence
of
the
resi
stan
ce o
f m
etal
s an
d o
f in
trin
sic
sem
ico
nd
uct
ors
d)
use
sim
ple
ban
d t
heo
ry t
o e
xpla
in t
he
dep
end
ence
on
lig
ht
inte
nsi
ty o
f th
e re
sist
ance
of
an L
DR
25 Q
uant
um p
hysi
cs25
.6 P
rod
uct
ion
an
d
use
of
X-r
ays
a)
exp
lain
th
e p
rin
cip
les
of
the
pro
du
ctio
n o
f X
-ray
s b
y el
ectr
on
bo
mb
ard
men
t o
f a
met
al t
arg
et
b)
des
crib
e th
e m
ain
fea
ture
s o
f a
mo
der
n X
-ray
tu
be,
in
clu
din
g c
on
tro
l of
the
inte
nsi
ty a
nd
har
dn
ess
of
the
X-r
ay
bea
m
c)
un
der
stan
d t
he
use
of
X-r
ays
in im
agin
g in
tern
al b
od
y st
ruct
ure
s, in
clu
din
g a
sim
ple
an
alys
is o
f th
e ca
use
s o
f sh
arp
nes
s an
d c
on
tras
t in
X-r
ay im
agin
g
d)
reca
ll an
d s
olv
e p
rob
lem
s b
y u
sin
g t
he
equ
atio
n I
= I
0e–μ
x fo
r th
e at
ten
uat
ion
of
X-r
ays
in m
atte
r
e)
un
der
stan
d t
he
pu
rpo
se o
f co
mp
ute
d t
om
og
rap
hy
or
CT
sc
ann
ing
f)
un
der
stan
d t
he
pri
nci
ple
s o
f C
T s
can
nin
g
g)
un
der
stan
d h
ow
th
e im
age
of
an 8
-vo
xel c
ub
e ca
n b
e d
evel
op
ed u
sin
g C
T s
can
nin
g
Section 4: What you need to know
39Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
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u s
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uld
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able
to
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om
men
ts
26 P
artic
le a
nd n
ucle
ar
phys
ics
26.1
Ato
ms,
nu
clei
an
d
rad
iati
on
a)
infe
r fr
om t
he r
esul
ts o
f th
e α-
part
icle
sca
tter
ing
expe
rimen
t th
e ex
iste
nce
and
smal
l siz
e of
the
nuc
leus
b)
desc
ribe
a si
mpl
e m
odel
for
the
nuc
lear
ato
m t
o in
clud
e pr
oton
s,
neut
rons
and
orb
ital e
lect
rons
c)
dist
ingu
ish
betw
een
nucl
eon
num
ber
and
prot
on n
umbe
r
d)
unde
rsta
nd t
hat
an e
lem
ent
can
exis
t in
var
ious
isot
opic
for
ms,
ea
ch w
ith a
diff
eren
t nu
mbe
r of
neu
tron
s
e)
use
the
usua
l not
atio
n fo
r th
e re
pres
enta
tion
of n
uclid
es
f)
appr
ecia
te t
hat
nucl
eon
num
ber,
pro
ton
num
ber,
and
mas
s-en
ergy
are
all
cons
erve
d in
nuc
lear
pro
cess
es
g)
show
an
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
nat
ure
and
prop
ertie
s of
α-, β-
and
γ-
radi
atio
ns (b
oth β– a
nd β
+ a
re in
clud
ed)
h)
stat
e th
at (e
lect
ron)
ant
ineu
trin
os a
nd (e
lect
ron)
neu
trin
os a
re
prod
uced
dur
ing β– a
nd β
+ d
ecay
26 P
artic
le a
nd n
ucle
ar
phys
ics
26.2
Fu
nd
amen
tal
par
ticl
esa)
ap
prec
iate
tha
t pr
oton
s an
d ne
utro
ns a
re n
ot f
unda
men
tal
part
icle
s si
nce
they
con
sist
of
quar
ks
b)
desc
ribe
a si
mpl
e qu
ark
mod
el o
f ha
dron
s in
ter
ms
of u
p, d
own
and
stra
nge
quar
ks a
nd t
heir
resp
ectiv
e an
tiqua
rks
c)
desc
ribe
prot
ons
and
neut
rons
in t
erm
s of
a s
impl
e qu
ark
mod
el
d)
appr
ecia
te t
hat
ther
e is
a w
eak
inte
ract
ion
betw
een
quar
ks,
givi
ng r
ise
to β
dec
ay
e)
desc
ribe β– a
nd β
+ d
ecay
in t
erm
s of
a s
impl
e qu
ark
mod
el
f)
appr
ecia
te t
hat
elec
tron
s an
d ne
utrin
os a
re le
pton
s
Section 4: What you need to know
40 Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics 9702
Top
icS
ub
-to
pic
Yo
u s
ho
uld
be
able
to
:C
om
men
ts
26 P
artic
le a
nd n
ucle
ar
phys
ics
26.3
Mas
s d
efec
t an
d
nu
clea
r b
ind
ing
en
erg
y
a)
sho
w a
n a
pp
reci
atio
n o
f th
e as
soci
atio
n b
etw
een
en
erg
y an
d m
ass
as r
epre
sen
ted
by
E =
mc2 a
nd
rec
all a
nd
use
th
is
rela
tio
nsh
ip
b)
un
der
stan
d t
he
sig
nifi
can
ce o
f th
e te
rms
mas
s d
efec
t an
d
mas
s ex
cess
in n
ucl
ear
reac
tio
ns
c)
rep
rese
nt
sim
ple
nu
clea
r re
acti
on
s b
y n
ucl
ear
equ
atio
ns
of
the
form
147N
+ 4 2H
e →
17 8O +
1 1H
d)
defi
ne
and
un
der
stan
d t
he
term
s m
ass
def
ect
and
bin
din
g
ener
gy
e)
sket
ch t
he
vari
atio
n o
f b
ind
ing
en
erg
y p
er n
ucl
eon
wit
h
nu
cleo
n n
um
ber
f)
exp
lain
wh
at is
mea
nt
by
nu
clea
r fu
sio
n a
nd
nu
clea
r fi
ssio
n
g)
exp
lain
th
e re
leva
nce
of
bin
din
g e
ner
gy
per
nu
cleo
n t
o
nu
clea
r fu
sio
n a
nd
to
nu
clea
r fi
ssio
n
26 P
artic
le a
nd n
ucle
ar
phys
ics
26.4
Rad
ioac
tive
dec
aya)
in
fer
the
ran
do
m n
atu
re o
f ra
dio
acti
ve d
ecay
fro
m t
he
fl u
ctu
atio
ns
in c
ou
nt
rate
b)
sho
w a
n a
pp
reci
atio
n o
f th
e sp
on
tan
eou
s an
d r
and
om
n
atu
re o
f n
ucl
ear
dec
ay
c)
defi
ne
the
term
s ac
tivi
ty a
nd
dec
ay c
on
stan
t an
d r
ecal
l an
d
solv
e p
rob
lem
s u
sin
g A
= λ
N
d)
infe
r an
d s
ketc
h t
he
exp
on
enti
al n
atu
re o
f ra
dio
acti
ve d
ecay
an
d s
olv
e p
rob
lem
s u
sin
g t
he
rela
tio
nsh
ip x
= x
0e–λ
t , wh
ere
x co
uld
rep
rese
nt
acti
vity
, nu
mb
er o
f u
nd
ecay
ed n
ucl
ei o
r re
ceiv
ed c
ou
nt
rate
e)
defi
ne
hal
f-lif
e
f)
solv
e p
rob
lem
s u
sin
g t
he
rela
tio
n λ
= 0.
693
t 1 – 2
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