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Linking bioc limatic theory and environmental performance
in its c limatic and cultural contextan analysis into the tropical highrises of Ken Yeang
Puteri Shireen Jahnkassim, PhD (1)
Kenneth Ip, PhD (2)
(1) Depar t m ent of Bui ld ing Tec hnology and Engineer ingKu l i yyah o f Arch i tec t u re and Env ironmenta l Design
In ternat iona l I s lamic Un ivers i t y Malays iaput eri shr @iiu .edu.my
(2) Sc hool o f t he Env i ronm ent ,Un ivers i t y o f Br igh ton, Un i ted K ingdom
K .Ip@bt on .ac .uk
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Aims of study
an analysis of the bioclimatic theories by Malaysianarchitect Ken Yeang.
Focusing on case studies representing the three mainphases of Yeangs work analysed through simulationand post occupancy studies.
an analysis of selected key bioclimatic features as
forwarded in the theories; An analysis of bioclimatic highrise forms and its climatic
performance under the Malaysian climate;
The aim is to link theory and performance of thehighrises and identify any underlying conflicts betweenthe two;
To attempt to reconcile theory and performance under itsclimatic and cultural context
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Development of theories
The idea of the environmental filter (1983) a general armature for design
The tropical verandah city (1985)
Kuala Lumpur as a tropical urban garden.
a city connected by a system of landscaping and verandah-ways. The useof multiple variations of this verandah-way system
a form capable of variations and permutations that would not only serveto connect spaces between buildings but to be integrated as recessed
elements into buildings.
Tropical urban regionalism(1987) developed from his theories of the critical vernacular
The tropical skyscraper (1990)
The green and ecological skyscraper ( 1999 -.)
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To identify the key bioclimatic features
To evaluate the energyperformances of selecyed
bioclimatic features based onhis theories and writings
To evaluate the overallperformance of the bioclimaticenvelopes in terms of energyuse, interaction with daylight andheat gain and occupantassessment of internalenvironments under theMalaysian climate
To compare with performancesof the generic models
To compare Yeangs designs withthe performances of several
highrises by his contemporariesunder the tropical context.
Comparison and discussion
To select appropriate case studiesto represent the different phases inthe evolution of his theories anddesigns
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Richards (1993) and defines that Yeangs designs asevolving from three major phases :
- primary-level design experiments projects which had
examined one big idea in a single building;
- projects which had focused on the bioclimaticskyscraper within the context of the ecological agenda.
- projects which had integrated various ideas andconcentrated on the issues of tropical and regionalaesthetics;
Series 1 (1983 1989)
Series 2 (1989 1992)
Series 3 (1992 1996)
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The regionalist phase which was based on a search fora distinctive regional language within the tropical Asiancontext;
The bioclimatic/ecological phase which was directed
towards a more global context and focused on theenvironmental agenda.
Powell (1999) also identifies three similar phases in boththeory and design in his seminal book Rethinking the
Skyscraper the complete architecture of Ken Yeang:
The climatic phase which was based on
intuitive climatic principles and was focused onthe idea of the environmental filter;
CLIMATIC PHASE
REGIONALIST PHASE
BIOCLIMATIC/ECOLOGICAL PHASE
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The Roof-Roof House, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1985)
THE CLIMATIC PHASE
Plaza Atrium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1984)
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MBf Tower, Penang/Hi-techniaga tower,Malaysia (1994)
THE REGIONALIST PHASE
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The EDITT Tower proposal, Singapore (2000), Elephant and CastleTowers, London (2000)
THE BIOCLIMATIC / ECOLOGICAL PHASE
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The Plaza IBM, Kuala Lumpur (1984-1987)
representing the climatic phase
CASE STUDY 1
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The Menara Mesiniaga, Kuala Lumpur (1989-1992)representing the regionalist phase
CASE STUDY 2
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The Menara UMNO, Penang (1996-1998)
representing the bioclimatic/ecological phase
CASE STUDY 3
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An analysis of key bioclimatic features
under the Malaysia climate
Key bioclimatic features
Service core positioning;
Skycourts and balconies;
External shading (vertical); Vertical landscaping ( vegetation on facade);
Naturally ventilated ground floor
Roof as fifth facade
Tested through extensive simulation study using generic and bioclimatic/as designed models
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METHODOLOGY The Simulation Process
Shadow analysis
Buildingmodel
Weather data
Constructiondata
Operating
schedules
APACHE
Heat
Gain
APACHE SimulationDynamicThermal
Simulation
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BIOCLIMATIC FEATURES
Assessing the impact of core-positioning- positioning of the core areas ( Plaza IBM)
N N N
GENERIC COREWEST
CORE EAST
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BIOCLIMATIC FEATURESPlaza IBM energy and cooling load impact of core placement options
Plaza IBM - Impact of core placement
209.4
186.7 193.0 178.8
170.8
283.8
261.1 259.6 253.1 246.1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Typical core-east core-west Double sided1 Double sided2model
Kwh/m.sq./
yr
Cooling
Total
BIOCLIMATIC FEATURES
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Nabalc
onies
N N
Center-core Double-sided
core
with balconies
N
Core east Coreplacement
withskycourts
Menara Mesiniaga Skycourt options (as designed)
Plaza IBM (generic studies) Balcony option
BIOCLIMATIC FEATURES
The impact of balconies and skycourts
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BIOCLIMATIC FEATURES
Fig. 5.36.a Plaza IBM - 11th floor planshowing the location of the balconies onthe eastern and western side of thetower
Fig.5.36b. Plaza IBM - Detail ofbalconies (as designed)located on east and westsides
Small balconiesbalconies
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BIOCLIMATIC FEATURESMesiniaga Cooling and total energy impact of skycourts
Mesiniaga - Impact of skycourts
208.6
185.7 190.1
280.8
263.4 265.1
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
typical core placement skycourt
model
kwh/m.sq./yr
cooling
total
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The impact of shading systems
Menara UMNO (generic) shading system
Generic Core - East With shading
Plaza IBM (generic)
Generic Double sided With overhangs
Fig.5.53. Plaza IBM (generic studies) Impact of shading
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BIOCLIMATIC FEATURESThe impact of shading ( vertical) Mesiniaga as designed
Fig. 5.62a. Mesiniaga Shading option
Fig.5.62b. Mesiniaga Shading as
obstructions
N
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BIOCLIMATIC FEATURESPlaza IBM Impact of vertical shading
Plaza IBM (generic model) - impact of vertical
shading
209.4
178.8
147.5
283.8
253.1
224.1
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
typical double sided with shading
cooling
total
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BIOCLIMATIC FEATURES
Mesiniaga ( shading) Impact on peak cooling demand
Mesiniaga(peak demand) - Impact of shading
540.4494.6
413.9
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
generic without shading with shading
model
kw
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BIOCLIMATIC FEATURESPLAZA IBM (generic) Impact of vegetation
Plaza IBM ( generic model) - impact of balconies
and vegetation
209.4
178.8169.5
283.8
253.1242.8
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
typical double sided balc + vegetationmodel
kwh/m.sq./yr
cooling
total
S mmar of energ performance res lts
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Summary of energy performance resultsbioclimatic features
Summary of performance of bioclimatic features ( as designed)
-2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16%
shading
core
skycourt
ground floor
vegetation
PV roofs
feature
s
percentage reduction in energy use
UMNO
Mesiniaga
IBM
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Conflicts between theory and performance
Bioclimatic features Generally all features have energy saving
impact under the tropical climate
Core positioning theory andperformance
Skycourts - Mesiniaga theory andperformance
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Impact of bioclimatic forms Comparison between overall forms and generic forms
The net energy effect - in terms of overall performance of the
bioclimatic envelope or form - representative of the interactionbetween the control of heat gain and provision of usable daylight.
Comparing the bioclimatic form refers to the highrise form is asdesigned by Yeang with the generic form (simplified model withsimilar treated floor area and a central core).
In the past, generic forms (with central cores) have been usedas standard models for benchmarking purposes ( sometimes
called the base-case ) ;
Part of architects thinking process regionalising the modernhighrise typology
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Assessment of the impact of bioclimatic forms
BIO-CLIMATICDESIGN
GENERICor
BASE CASE
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BIOCLIMATIC FORMSOptimisation process of the bioclimatic ( design) and generic forms
UMNO(design) - Variation in cooling and total
energy use with daylight
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
window-to-wall ratio
kwh/m.s
q./yr
cooling
total
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Overall performances of bioclimatic forms a summary of the generic, bioclimatic performances
Overall envelope performance summary
190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
IBM
Mesiniaga
UMNO
208.4
222.0
210.6
Generic
(optimised)
Generic
Generic
Generic
Generic
(optimised)
Generic
(optimised)
232.6 297.2
204.1 283.0
214.9 283.8
Kwh/m.sq./yr.
(1994-1998)
(1984-1987)
(1989-1992)
Bioclimatic
(optimised)
Bioclimatic
(optimised)
Bioclimatic
(optimised)
Conflicts between bioclimatic theory and performance
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Conflicts between bioclimatic theory and performance -
Mesiniaga Mesiniagas envelope not able to outperform that of its
generic counterpart
. affected by the spiralling incisions made into its basicform (compared to a more efficient cylindrical formtheconsequent high conduction gains due to an increase inits surface-to-volume ratio)
For an air-conditioned building in the tropics, ( ascompared to a naturally ventilated building) thecompactness of form determines overall exposure to
heat gains while allowing perimeter areas to be lit byusable daylight.
Yeangs regionalist agenda during this period hasinterfered with his bioclimatic or environmental one.
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Mesiniaga regional achievement awarded the Aga Khan award in 1995 in recognition to thecontribution to the development of regional architecture in Eastern
societies. :
for having boldly designed a meaningful tall building in a tropical
climate..Eschewing the box-like curtain-wall structures so common in
corporate office buildings, this project promotes a new language
that punches out parts of the structure and wraps a spirallingseries of interactive open gardens around the main core of thebuilding.
. It raises the kind of architectural debate in which the corporateworld generally, and the Muslim world, more specifically, canfruitfully engage.
(Masters Jurys comments, Aga Khan award for architecture 1995)
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Excerpt from Hawkes The Environmental tradition
He is thoroughly conscious of the loose fit,
that architects know only too well,between form and performance;
a space in which cultural pressures canproduce strange distortions.
(Maxwell, 2000)
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Likewise, Mesiniagas performance can be explainedas related to the extent of this distortion which causes
a compromise in climatic terms and can be related tothe articulation of an architectural form that would besignificant in representing its cultural context.
Richards (1993) points to Mesiniagas success interms of achieving such a regionalist form:
The resultant building - within the philosophical frameworkofmodern architecture which is inflected with appropriateregional characteristics of climate and culture -
produces a far-Eastern hybrid form.
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An evaluation at two levels i.e. on one
level as a critique of homogenous high- risetypeforms within a rapidly modernising
context - and on another level in relation to the
necessity of icons as symbols ofprogress in a rapidly developing country inthe tropical Asian context.
An analysis against the background of
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An analysis against the background of
developments in a post-independent nationThroughout the post-independent years of 1960-2000, there have been
various approaches to highrise regionalism with varying emphasis
on the climatic and iconic.
His design is compared in terms of both climatic performance andregionalist intentions to four other buildings :
State Mortgage Bank by Geoffrey Bawa ( Sri Lanka)
Esso tower ( David Russell) ( Bangkok)
Telekom Tower ( Hijjas Kasturi_ ( Kuala Lumpur)
Petronas Towers ( Cessar Pelli) ( Kuala Lumpur)
Balfour (1999) highlights
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Balfour (1999) highlights
The evolution of Yeangs architecture is embedded in theemergence of Malaysia as a distinct culture. One hundred yearsmade the task of establishing the cultural voice of Malaysia aftercolonisation more complex
The restoration of aregional and national identity had specific
targets: how to inflect architecture with modernist reason whiledetaching it from Europes tendency for symbolic abstraction;howto frame an architectural language which, while showing anunderstanding of traditional values, would express the economicambitions of the new nation.
Kusno (2000) observes on the highrise typeform:..
This represents aprocess ofarchitectural localisation- a cultural
negotiation of the authority of the international style .Thetechnique of incorporating climatic modifiers into what is essentiallya modernist structure presupposes an ultimate rejoining of thetropical with the modern and the re-identification of the latter to theformer.
Comparative Analysis (1960s 1990s)R i li hi h i f
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Regionalist highrise forms
Regional
Generic
Mortgage Bank ESSO Telekom Petronas
Yeangs compromise in terms of performance in relation toregionalist approaches to the highrise
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Yeang's position within the continuum of regionalist positions
1%4%
9%
26%
43%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Bawa Russell Yeang Kasturi Petronas
regional 'positions'
%
regionalist approaches to the highrise
CONCLUSIONS
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CONCLUSIONS
highlight certain conflicts between Yeangs bioclimatictheories and the performances of his designs.
Yeang should be evaluated not only in bioclimatic termsbut critical regionalist terms; Mesiniaga may be regarded as a point of maximum
tension between two agendas;
Its level of compromise is argued as representative ofYeangs critical regionalist position.
Yeangs achievement can be argued achieving a criticalregionalist position that results in a minimumcompromise to attain a culturally differentiated formsymbolic significance under its particular culturalcontext;
Can be argued as a position of equipoise or balancedtension between two competing agendas in adeveloping Asian nation
A k l d
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Acknowledgements
Professor David Robson, School of
Architecture and Design, University ofBrighton;
Professor Dean Hawkes, CardiffUniversity, United Kingdom