9.1 Plant Organs
• Flowering plants are ________________________
• All share common structural features
• Root system = roots
• Shoot system = _____________________
9.1 Plant Organs
• _________________ is defined as a structure that contains different tissues and performs one or more specific functions
• _______________________________are the vegetative organs common to plants
• Flowers, seeds, and fruits are structures involved in ____________________
9.1 Plant Organs
• Roots– On average, a tree’s roots will extend two to
four times the diameter of the aboveground portion of the tree
• ___________________ plant in soil
• ___________________ water and minerals
• Root __________________
– Projections from epidermal root hair cells
– Greatly increase absorptive capacity of root
9.1 Plant Organs
• Other Functions of Roots– Modified for food _____________________
• Yams and sweet potatoes
– Store ____________________– Produce _______________________
9.1 Plant Organs
• Stems– Main _______________ of a plant – Terminates in tissue that allows the stem to
elongate and produce leaves
– __________________ occur where leaves are attached to the stem
• Internode is region between nodes
9.1 Plant Organs
• Stems– Have vascular tissue that transports water
and minerals• _________________ - nonliving cells that form a
continuous pipeline for water and mineral transport• _________________- living cells that join end to
end for organic nutrient transport
– In some plants, stems carry on photosynthesis, or store water and nutrients
9.1 Plant Organs
• Leaves– Major part of the plant that carries on
________________________– Usually broad and flat
• _______________ - Wide portion of foliage leaf• _______________- Stalk attaches blade to stem• Leaf Axil - Axillary bud originates
– __________________ plants lose their leaves every year
– Evergreens retain their leaves for two to seven years (gymnosperms)
9.2 Plant Tissue
• All the tissue types in a plant arise from ___________________ tissue
• _____________________ tissue allows plants to grow their entire lives
• Retains cells that ever have the ability to divide and produce more tissues
9.2 Plant Tissue
• ________________meristem– Meristematic tissue present in a
_______________ tip and a _________________ tip
– Causes an increase in length called primary growth
9.2 Plant Tissue
• __________________ tissue– Forms the outer protective covering of a plant
• __________________ tissue– Fills the interior of a plant
• __________________ tissue– Transports water and nutrients in a plant and
provides support
9.2 Plant Tissue
• _________________ Tissue– Contains single layer of closely packed
epidermal cells– Epidermal cells exposed to air have a waxy
_______________________• Minimizes water loss• Protection from disease
– Root epidermis has root hairs• Absorb water• Anchor the plant
9.2 Plant Tissue
• Epidermal Tissue– Guard cells surround ______________
• Gas exchange
9.2 Plant Tissue
• _______________ Tissue
– Forms the bulk of a plant
– Fills the space between the epidermal and the vascular tissue
– Most of the _______________ and ________________________ takes place in ground tissue
– Also responsible for producing hormones, toxins, pigments, and other specialized chemicals
9.2 Plant Tissue
• Vascular Tissue– ___________________ transports water and
minerals from the roots to the leaves
– ___________________ transports sucrose and other organic compounds (including hormones) from the leaves to the roots
– Xylem and phloem are complex tissues because they are composed of two or more types of cells
9.2 Plant Tissue
• Vascular system extends from roots through stems and leaves
• In the roots, the vascular tissue is located in the vascular _______________
• In the stem, it forms vascular ___________________, and in the leaves, it is found in leaf veins
9.3 Monocot Versus Eudicot Plants
• Flowering plants are divided into two groups dependent upon the number of cotyledons are present in the ___________________ plant– __________________ = seed leaves
• Monocots (one cotyledon)• Eudicots (two cotyledons)
9.4 Organization of Roots
• Root Cap Protects Root Apical Meristem
• Three Regions
– Zone of ____________________• Primary meristem area
• Continuously dividing cells
– Zone of ____________________• Cells lengthen as they become specialized
– Zone of _____________________• Fully differentiated cells
• Presence of root hairs
9.4 Organization of Roots
• Anatomy of a Eudicot Root– ___________________– __________________ - type of ground tissue– ___________________ - forms a boundary
between the cortex and the inner vascular cylinder
– Vascular Tissue
9.4 Organization of Roots
• Monocot Roots
– Have the same growth zones as eudicot
roots.– Contains _______________, a type of ground
tissue, which is centrally located– Pith is surrounded by a
_____________________composed of alternating xylem and phloem bundles
9.4 Organization of Roots
• Root Diversity
– ____________________) - Fleshy, long single root, that grows straight down
• Stores food
– __________________ root system - Slender roots and lateral branches
• Anchors plant to the soil
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
b. Fibrous root system© The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc./Evelyn Jo Johnson, photographer
a. Taproot© Dr. Robert Calentine/Visuals
Unlimited
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
9.5 Organization of Stems
• Woody twigs provide a good example for
studying stem organization
– ____________________ Buds• Contains the shoot tip protected by bud scales, which
are modified leaves
– Leaf Scars and Bundle Scars where leaves
have dropped
– ___________________ Buds
• Can give rise to branches or flowers
9.5 Organization of Stems
• ___________________ Stems– Mature nonwoody stems– Exhibit only primary growth– ______________________ - vascular
bundles arranged in distinct ring– ______________________- scattered
vascular bundles
9.5 Organization of Stems
• Woody stems– Both primary and secondary tissues
• _________________ tissues are those new tissues formed each year from primary meristems right behind the shoot apical meristem
• __________________ tissues develop during the first and subsequent years of growth from lateral meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium
– All plants have primary growth– Only conifers and woody eudicots have
secondary growth (increases girth)
9.5 Organization of Stems
• Wood
– ________________________ that builds up
year after year – increase girth of tree
– In trees that have growing season, vascular
cambium are _____________during winter
• Annual ring is made up of spring wood and
summer wood
• Annual rings can provide a growth record
9.6 Organization of Leaves
• Organs of __________________ in vascular flowering plants
• Usually consists of a flattened blade and a ____________________ connecting the blade to the stem
• Leaf veins have a net pattern in ________________leaves and a parallel pattern in ________________ leaves
9.6 Organization of Leaves
• Top layer of epidermis– Often bears ____________ – protective hairs– Has an outer waxy cuticle– Opening of _______________ regulated by
guard cells• Gas exchange and water loss
• Body of leaf– __________________tissue– Eudicots have palisade and spongy mesophyll
9.6 Organization of Leaves
• Leaf diversity– _________________ of a leaf can be simple
or compound• Compound leaf divided into leaflets
– Pinnately or palmately compound
– Leaves can be ___________________ alternately, opposite or whorled
9.7 Uptake and Transport of Nutrients
• Opening and Closing of Stomata– Each stoma in leaf epidermis is bordered by
two ___________________
– Increased _________________ pressure in guard cells opens stoma
– Caused by active transport of K+ into guard cells