Download - 85030694 case-study-cholecystitis
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Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder wall and nearby abdominal lining.
Cholecystitis is usually caused by a gallstone in the cystic duct, the duct that connects the
gallbladder to the hepatic duct. The presence of gallstones in the gallbladder is called
cholelithiasis. Cholelithiasis is the pathologic state of stones or calculi within the
gallbladder lumen. A common digestive disorder worldwide, the annual overall cost of
cholelithiasis is approximately $5 billion in the United States, where 75-80% of
gallstones are of the cholesterol type, and approximately 10-25% of gallstones are
bilirubinate of either black or brown pigment. In Asia, pigmented stones predominate,
although recent studies have shown an increase in cholesterol stones in the Far East.
Gallstones are crystalline structures formed by concretion (hardening) or accretion
(adherence of particles, accumulation) of normal or abnormal bile constituents.
According to various theories, there are four possible explanations for stone formation.
First, bile may undergo a change in composition. Second, gallbladder stasis may lead to
bile stasis. Third, infection may predispose a person to stone formation. Fourth, genetics
and demography can affect stone formation.
Risk factors associated with development of gallstones include heredity, Obesity,
rapid weight loss, through diet or surgery, age over 60, Native American or Mexican
American racial makeup, female gender-gallbladder disease is more common in women
than in men. Women with high estrogen levels, as a result of pregnancy, hormone
replacement therapy, or the use of birth control pills, are at particularly high risk for
gallstone formation, Diet-Very low calorie diets, prolonged fasting, and low-fiber/high-
cholesterol/high-starch diets all may contribute to gallstone formation.
Sometimes, persons with gallbladder disease have few or no symptoms. Others,
however, will eventually develop one or more of the following symptoms; (1) Frequent
bouts of indigestion, especially after eating fatty or greasy foods, or certain vegetables
such as cabbage, radishes, or pickles, (2) Nausea and bloating (3) Attacks of sharp pains
in the upper right part of the abdomen. This pain occurs when a gallstone causes a
blockage that prevents the gallbladder from emptying (usually by obstructing the cystic
duct). (4) Jaundice (yellowing of the skin) may occur if a gallstone becomes stuck in the
common bile duct, which leads into the intestine blocking the flow of bile from both the
gallbladder and the liver. This is a serious complication and usually requires immediate
treatment.
The only treatment that cures gallbladder disease is surgical removal of the
gallbladder, called cholecystectomy. Generally, when stones are present and causing
symptoms, or when the gallbladder is infected and inflamed, removal of the organ is
usually necessary. When the gallbladder is removed, the surgeon may examine the bile
ducts, sometimes with X rays, and remove any stones that may be lodged there. The ducts
are not removed so that the liver can continue to secrete bile into the intestine. Most
patients experience no further symptoms after cholecystectomy. However, mild residual
symptoms can occur, which can usually be controlled with a special diet and medication.
I. NURSING ASSESSMENT
A. Personal History
Mr. Aproniano Castro is a 56 year old male, a Filipino citizen who resides at Pulong
Santol, Porac Pampanga. He was born on January 22, 1950 at Pulong Santol, his
religious affiliation is Roman Catholic and he is married to Mrs. Brigida M. Castro. He
is a jeepney driver bound in Porac-Angeles route. He is also the president of their
jeepney’s association. Mr. Castro usually works for 10 to 12 hours a day usually around
7am to 7 pm. He always sleeps around 9 in the evening and wakes up at 6 in the morning.
His wife was the one who prepares him the breakfast and the snack. He has day-offs but
uses this day in working as the president of the jeepney association. He usually eats
instant food and love eating foods which has condiment like “patis”, vinegar and soy
sauce. He also love eating vegetable salads and fatty salty food. He is not also choosy on
the food he eats because he really eat a lots. He seldom drinks alcohol and smoke.
Regarding the finances about health he is using his wife’s PHILHEALTH card to
compensate the finances needed. Family Health and Illness History
B. Family Health and Illness History
According to Mr. Castro that the familial disease he knows that they have in their
family was the hypertension that is on his father’s side. His father died because of heart
attack and her mother died of natural cause. He also added that cholecystitis is prone to
their family, because of one of his siblings also had acquired this disease.
C. History of Past and Present Illness
This is the second time Mr. Castro been admitted into this hospital (Porac District
Hospital). On his first admission into this hospital he had undergone throidectomy
operation, which is almost 3 years ago. He had not experience any accident and injuries,
even though his job is prone to accident particularly vehicular accident. He also added
that he had an ashtma when he was 7 years old that lasts when he is 21 years old, his
ashtma just stopped when he start drinking alcohol beverages as he said.
As for his present illness, he was admitted into this hospital because of cholecystitis,
he was admitted last February 13, 2006. He was been diagnosed with cholecystitis with
multiple cholelithiasis a month prior to admission due to severe epigastric pain and
weight loss and was advised to remove his gallbladder. He just did not have his
cholecystectomy done immediately due to financial problem. When the money needed
for his operation was enough he then goes to Porac District Hospital last February 13,
2005 for his operation. He was diagnosed and surgically operated by Dr.
Serrano.According to Mr. Castro. Upon admission he had undergone some laboratory
examination such as UTZ, Chest X-ray, U/A, CBC, FBS, BUN,Creatinine and ECG. His
initial medication were H2bloc and Cefuroxime.
D. Physical Examination
Physical Assessment done by the attending physician reveals that patient is; afebrile with pink palpebral conjunctiva (-) cyanosis (+) NABS non tender abdomen
Vital Signs upon admission (February 13, 2006)BP- 130/90 RR-19 PR-84 Temp-36.5 oC Physical Assessment done by the student reveals that patient is;
afebrile with pink palpebral conjunctiva (+) dry lips (+) paleness (+) dryskin decreased skin turgor (-) bowel movement (-) weakness
Vital Signs taken and recorded as of February 15, 2006 are as follows;BP- 140/90PR- 85RR- 21Temp- 36.4 oC
II. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Gallbladder, muscular organ that serves as a reservoir for bile, present in most
vertebrates. In humans, it is a pear-shaped membranous sac on the undersurface of the
right lobe of the liver just below the lower ribs. It is generally about 7.5 cm (about 3 in)
long and 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter at its thickest part; it has a capacity varying from 1 to
1.5 fluid ounces. The body (corpus) and neck (collum) of the gallbladder extend
backward, upward, and to the left. The wide end (fundus) points downward and forward,
sometimes extending slightly beyond the edge of the liver. Structurally, the gallbladder
consists of an outer peritoneal coat (tunica serosa); a middle coat of fibrous tissue and
unstriped muscle (tunica muscularis); and an inner mucous membrane coat (tunica
mucosa).
The function of the gallbladder is to store bile, secreted by the liver and transmitted
from that organ via the cystic and hepatic ducts, until it is needed in the digestive process.
The gallbladder, when functioning normally, empties through the biliary ducts into the
duodenum to aid digestion by promoting peristalsis and absorption, preventing
putrefaction, and emulsifying fat. Digestion of fat occurs mainly in the small intestine, by
pancreatic enzymes called lipases. The purpose of bile is to; help the Lipases to Work,
by emulsifying fat into smaller droplets to increase access for the enzymes, Enable intake
of fat, including fat-soluble vitamins: Vitamin A, D, E, and K, rid the body of surpluses
and metabolic wastes Cholesterol and Bilirubin.
III. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Risk factor
Heredity
Obesity
Rapid Weight Loss, through diet or surgery
Age Over 60
Female Gender
Diet-Very low calorie diets, prolonged fasting, and low-fiber/high-cholesterol/high-starch diets.Bile must become
supersaturated with cholesterol and calcium
The solute precipitate from solution as solid
crystals
Crystals must come together and fuse to form
stones
Gallstones
Obstruction of the cystic duct and common bile duct
Sharp pain in the right part of abdomen
Jaundice
Distention of the gall bladder
Venous and lymphatic drainage
is impaired
Proliferation of bacteria
Localized cellular irritation or
infiltration or both take place
Areas of ischemia may
occur
Inflammation of gall bladder
CHOLECYSTITIS
IV. DIAGNOSTIC AND LABORATORY PROCEDURE
1. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
This is to determine blood components and the response to
inflammatory process and streptococcal infection.
Date Ordered: February 13, 2006
Date Result In: February 13, 2006
Results:
WBC - 10.9 g/l
RBC - 5.5 g/l
Lymphocyte - 27
Conclusion:
WBC is slightly elevated based on the normal value of 4.3-10 g/l which
confirms the presence of infection.
2. Fasting Blood Sugar
This is to measure the blood glucose levels.
Date Ordered: February 13, 2006
Date Result In: February 13, 2006
Results:
94.8 mg/dl
Conclusion:
The result is within normal range based on the normal value of < 126
mg/dl.
3. Creatinine
This is the indicator of the renal function
Date Ordered: February 13, 2006
Date Result In: February 13, 2006
Results:
1.0 mg/dl
Conclusions:
The result is within normal range based on the normal value of 0.60-1.7
mg/dl.
4. BUN
This is an indicator of renal function and perfusion, dietary intake of
CHON and the level of protein metabolism
Date Ordered: February 13, 2006
Date Result In: February 13, 2006
Results:
10.7 Mg/dl
Conclusions:
The result is within normal range based on the normal value of mg/dl.
5. Urinalysis
Urinalysis yields a large amount of information about possible disorders of
the kidney and lower urinary tract, and systematic disorders that alter urine composition.
Urinalysis data include color, specific gravity, pH, and the presence of protein, RBC’s,
WBC’s, bacteria, Leukocyte, esterase, bilirubin,glucose, ketones, casts and crystals.
Date Ordered: February 10, 2006
Date Result In: February 10, 2006
Results:
Color- yellow
Specific Gravity- 0.010
Sugar/ Albumin- negative
Pus cells- 0.1 hpf
Conclusions:
The results are normal but there is a presence of pus cells in the urine
which means that there is also the presence of infection.
V. Patients Care
a. Nursing Care Plan
Preoperative NCP
1. Acute Pain
Cues Nursing Diagnosis
Scientific Explanations
Objectives Nursing Interventions
Rationale Evaluation
S
O- pain scale
of 7/10- difficulty in
moving as manifested by facial grimaces
- (+) pallor- (+) muscle
guarding- RR- 30- BP- 140/90
Acute pain related to inflammation and distortion of the gallbladder as evidenced by verbal reports of pain.
Due to the presence of stones in the gallbladder it causes some obstruction in the cystic duct which in turn causes a sharp acute pain on the right part of the abdomen.
After 4 hours of nursing intervention the patient will report relieve of pain.
1. Observe and document location, severity (0–10 scale),and character of pain (e.g., steady, intermittent, colicky).
2. Promote bedrest, allowing patient to assume position ofcomfort.
3. Control
- Assists in differentiating cause of pain, and providesinformation about disease progression/resolution,development of complications, and effectiveness ofinterventions.
- Bedrest in low-Fowler’s position reduces intra-abdominalpressure; however, patient will naturally assume leastpainful position.
- Cool surroundings
Is there a change on the patients;
a. Pain scaleb. RRc. BPd. Reports of
paine. Facial
expressions.
environmental temperature.
4. Encourage use of relaxation techniques, e.g., guidedimagery, visualization, deep-breathing exercises. Providediversional activities.
5. Make time to listen to and maintain frequent contact withpatient.
6. Administer analgesics as indicated
aid in minimizing dermal discomfort.
- Promotes rest, redirects attention, may enhance coping.
- Helpful in alleviating anxiety and refocusing attention,which can relieve pain.
- Relief of pain facilitates cooperation with othertherapeutic interventions,
2. Fluid Volume deficient
Cues Nursing Diagnosis
Scientific Explanations
Objectives Nursing Interventions
Rationale Evaluation
S
O- (+) pallor- (+) body
weakness- (+)
vomiting- with
poor skin turgor
- (+) dry skin
- (+) dry mouth
Fluid Volume Deficient related to vomiting
Because of vomiting excessive losses through normal routes occur thus causes Fluid Volume Deficient
After series of NI the pt. will maintain adequate fluid volume as evidenced by moist mucous membranes and good skin turgor,
1. Maintain accurate record of I&O, noting output less thanIntake, increased urine specific gravity. Assessskin/mucous membranes, peripheral pulses, and capillaryrefill.
2. Perform frequent oral hygiene
3. Provide skin and mouth care
- Provides information about fluid status/circulatingvolume and replacement needs.
- Decreases dryness of oral mucous membranes; reducesrisk of oral bleeding.
- Skin and mucous membranes are dry, with decreased
Is there still the presence of;
a. vomitingb. dry skinc. dry mouthd. poor skin
turgore. body
weakness
4. Increase fluid intake
5. Ascertain patient’s beverage preferences, and set up a 24-hr schedule for fluid intake. Encourage foods with highfluid content.
6. Administer antiemetics, e.g., prochlorperazine(Compazine) as ordered by the physician.
elasticity, because of vasoconstriction and reducedintracellular water.- promotes hydration.
- Relieves thirst and discomfort of dry mucous membranesand augments parenteral replacement.
- Reduces nausea and prevents vomiting.
Post-operative NCP3. Knowledge Deficit
Cues Nursing Diagnosis
Scientific Explanations
Objectives Nursing Interventions
Rationale Evaluation
S “pwede bang maulit ang sakit ko” as verbalized by the patient
O- Frequently
asking question about his condition, treatment and diet
- With worried gaze
Deficient knowledge related to condition,prognosis, treatment, self-care, and discharge needs
There is this presence of knowledge deficit due to some unfamiliar information that causes some confusion to the client that needs to be discussed.
After an hour of nurse-patient interaction the patient will Verbalize understanding of disease process, prognosis, and potential complications.
1. Provide explanations of/reasons for test procedures andpreparation needed.
2. Review disease process/prognosis. Discuss hospitalizationand prospective treatment as indicated. Encouragequestions, expression of concern.
3. Review drug regimen, possible side effects.
- Information can decrease anxiety, thereby reducingsympathetic stimulation.
- Provides knowledge base from which patient can makeinformed choices. Effective communication and supportat this time can diminish anxiety and promote healing.
- Gallstones often recur, necessitating long-term therapy.
- Prevents/limits
- Does the patient understands and could recall all the teachings given?
- Is there a significant changes that occur on the patients knowledge regarding;
a. disease condition
b. dietc. treatmentd. medicatione. self-care
needs
4. Instruct patient to avoid food/fluids high in fats (e.g.,whole milk, ice cream, butter, fried foods, nuts, gravies,pork), gas producers (e.g., cabbage, beans, onions,carbonated beverages), or gastric irritants (e.g., spicyfoods, caffeine, citrus).
5. Suggest patient limit gum chewing, sucking on straw/hardcandy, or smoking.
recurrence of gallbladder attacks.
- Promotes gas formation, which can increase gastricdistension/discomfort.
b. Drug Study
Name of Drug Date Ordered
Route/ Dosage and Frequency
Action Indication Adverse Reaction
Nursing Consideration
GN: H2Bloc (Pepcidine)BN: Famotidine
02-13-06 PO20 mg tab at bedtime
- Anti-ulcer- competitively inhibits action of histamine on the H2 at receptor sites of parietal cells, decreasing gastric acid secretion
-for short term treatment of duodenal ulcer
- headache, dizziness, malaise, dry mouth
1. Check for doctor’s order2. not to be given in patients hypersensitive to drugs3. Inform the patient about the possible side effect of the drug4. Instruct patient to take drug with food5. Advised patient to take drug once daily usually at bed time6. Advise patient to report abdominal pain or blood in stools or is vomiting.
GN: CefuroximeBN: Zinacef
02-13-06 IV750 mg every 8o prior to OR (30 to 60 minutes before)
- anti-infective- a 2nd generation cephalosporin that inhibits cell-wall synthesis, promoting osmotic instability
- perioperative prophylaxis
- Nausea and Vomiting
1. Check for doctor’s order2. Perform ANST prior to admission3. Should not be given if positive skin test4. Slow IV push5. Inform the patient about the possible side effect of the drug6. Advise patient to report any discomfort on the IV insertion site
Name of Drug Date Ordered
Route/ Dosage and Frequency
Action Indication Adverse Reaction
Nursing Consideration
GN: Clomipramine HClBN: Placil
02-13-06 PO10 mg tab, at 6 am
- Anti-depressants
- for depression and chronic pain
- headache, dizziness, malaise, dry mouth
1. Check for doctor’s order2. not to be given in patients hypersensitive to drugs3. Inform the patient about the possible side effect of the drug
GN: Gentamicin DulfateBN: Genticin
02-14-06 IV80 mg amp, every 80
- Anti-infective- inhibits protein synthesis
- endocarditis prophylaxis for GI or GU procedure or surgery
- Nausea and Vomiting, headache, dizziness
1. Check for doctor’s order2. Perform ANST prior to admission3. Should not be given if positive skin test4. Slow IV push5. Inform the patient about the possible side effect of the drug6. Advise patient to report any discomfort on the IV insertion site7. Monitor urine output, specific gravity, U/A, BUN and creatinine levels
Name of Drug Date Ordered
Route/ Dosage and Frequency
Action Indication Adverse Reaction
Nursing Consideration
GN: AmpicillinBN: Omnipen
02-14-06 IV1 g amp, every 80
- Anti-infective- inhibits protein synthesis
- endocarditis prophylaxis for GI or GU procedure or surgery
- Nausea and Vomiting, headache, dizziness
1. Check for doctor’s order2. Perform ANST prior to admission3. Should not be given if positive skin test4. Slow IV push5. Inform the patient about the possible side effect of the drug6. Advise patient to report any discomfort on the IV insertion site
GN: MgSO4 02-14-06 IV0.03% 7ml every 120
-anti-convulsant-replaces magnesium and maintains magnesium level
- magnesium supplementation
- drowsiness, hypotension
1. Use parenteral magnesium with extreme caution in patients with impaired renal function2. Test knee jerk and patellar reflexes before each additional dose3. check magnesium level after repeated doses4. Monitor fluid intake and output5. Monitor renal function
Name of Drug Date Ordered
Route/ Dosage and Frequency
Action Indication Adverse Reaction
Nursing Consideration
GN: Ketorolac TromethamineBN: Toradol
02-14-06 IV30 mg amp, every 60
- Anti-inflammatory - inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
- short term management of moderately severe, acute pain
- dizziness, sedation, headache, flatulence, nausea and vomiting
1. Check for doctor’s order2. Perform ANST prior to admission3. Should not be given if positive skin test4. Slow IV push5. Inform the patient about the possible side effect of the drug6. Advise patient to report any discomfort on the IV insertion site
Name of Drug Date Ordered
Route Action Adverse Reaction Nursing Consideration
GN: Lidocaine HCl 02-14-06 IV Anesthetic drugs
-lethargy, hypotension
1. Monitor BP, PR, and RR before and after giving the medication
2. Monitor patient for toxicity
Anesthetic drug
c. Medical/ Surgical Management
1. Chest X-ray- this is used to rule out respiratory causes of referred pain.
2. Intake and Output- I&O measurement provide an other means of
assessing fluid balance. This data provide insight into the cause of
imbalance such as decrease fluid intake or increase fluid loss. These
measurement are not that accurate as body weight, however, because of
relative risk of errors in recording.
3. Electrocardiogram- The ECG is an essential tool in evaluating cardiac
rhythm. Electrocardiography detects and amplifies the very small
electrical potential changes between different points on the surface of
the body as a myocardial cell depolarize and repolarize, causing the
heart to contract.
4. O2 Inhalation- Oxygen therapies are used to provide more oxygen to the
body into order to promote healing and health.
5. Intravenous Rehydration- when the fluid loss is severe or life
threatening, intravenous (IV) fluids are used for replacement.
6. ultrasound (Also called sonography.) - a diagnostic imaging technique
which uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the
internal organs. Ultrasounds are used to view internal organs of the
abdomen such as the liver spleen, and kidneys and to assess blood flow
through various vessels.
7. hepatobiliary scintigraphy - an imaging technique of the liver, bile ducts,
gallbladder, and upper part of the small intestine.
8. cholangiography - x-ray examination of the bile ducts using an
intravenous (IV) dye (contrast).
9. percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) - a needle is
introduced through the skin and into the liver where the dye (contrast) is
deposited and the bile duct structures can be viewed by x-ray.
10. endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) - a procedure
that allows the physician to diagnose and treat problems in the liver,
gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas. The procedure combines x-ray and
the use of an endoscope. A long, flexible, lighted tube. The scope is
guided through the patient's mouth and throat, then through the
esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. The physician can examine the
inside of these organs and detect any abnormalities. A tube is then
passed through the scope, and a dye is injected which will allow the
internal organs to appear on an x-ray.
11. computed tomography scan (CT or CAT scan) - a diagnostic imaging
procedure using a combination of x-rays and computer technology to
produce cross-sectional images (often called slices), both horizontally
and vertically, of the body. A CT scan shows detailed images of any part
of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are
more detailed than general x-rays.
12. Cholecystectomy- removal of the gallbladder. This procedure may be
performed to treat chronic or acute cholecystitis, with or without
cholelithiasis, to remove a malignancy or to remove polyps.
13. Cholecystotomy- the establishment of an opening into the gallbladder to
allow drainage of the organ and removal of stones. A tube is then placed
in the gallbladder to established external drainage. This is performed
when the patient cannot tolerate cholecystectomy.
14. Choledochoscopy- the insertion of a choledoscope into the common bile
duct in order to directly visualize stones and facilitate their extraction.
VI. Clients Daily Progress
DAYS ADMISSION2/13/06
DAY 22/14/16
DAY 32/15/16
DISCHARGE2/16/06
Nursing ProblemAcute pain * *
Fluid Volume Deficient * *Knowledge Deficit * *
Vital Signs BP- 130/90PR- 84RR- 19Temp- 36.5 oC
BP- 140/90PR- 82RR- 21Temp- 36.2 oC
BP- 140/90PR- 85RR- 21Temp- 36.4 oC
BP- 130/90PR- 83RR- 20Temp- 36.1 oC
Dx & Lab ProceduresCBC *U/A *FBS *BUN *
Creatinine *Medical & Surgical Management
Chest X-ray *12-L ECG *
O2 inhalation *D5LRS, 1Lx 30-31
gtts/min* *
D5NM, 1Lx 30-31 gtts/min
* *
DrugsH2 Bloc *
Cefuroxime * * *Ketorolac * *Ampicillin * *Gentamicin * *
MgSO4 * *Lidocaine * *
Placil * * *Diet
NPO *Clear liquid *
Soft Diet *DAT *
Activity & ExerciseFOB *
Sit on Bed *Ambulation as Tolerated * *
* First started and indicates the duration it was done and taken.
VII. DISCHARGE PLANNING
M - Instructed the patient to continue medication as ordered
1. Cephalexin 500 mg cap 3 x day (8am-1pm-8pm) for 1 week
2. Mefenamic Acid 500 mg cap 3 x day (am-1pm-8pm) for 1 week
E - Instructed the patient to do exercise as tolerated such as walking
T - Instructed the patient to continue the medication
H - 1. Encouraged patient to increase fluid intake
2. Encouraged patient to eat foods rich in Vitamin and Nutritious foods
3. Encourage patient to avoid salty and fatty foods
4. Encourage patient to have enough rest
O - Instructed to come back for follow-up check-up on February 23, 2006,
Thursday.
D - Advised the patient to a diet as tolerated but preferably avoiding salty and
fatty foods.
IX. Conclusion
Our patient, Mr. Aproniano Castro has a chief complaint of epigastric pain. He
was admitted in Porac District Hospital and he was diagnosed of having a
cholecystitis with multiple cholelithiasis based on the diagnostic procedure conducted
in him like the CBC, U/A, 12-L ECG, FBS, BUN, Crea, X-ray and UTZ. Due to the
result the surgeon decided for a surgery to remove the gallbladder which is known as
the cholecystectomy. We are happy to say that most of our group mates witness the
operation. The following day we were given the chance to visit and assess our
patient’s condition. Fortunately, the patient had recovered at once he is no longer
complaining of epigastric pain. What he was complaining is if he could already eat
his food for he is on a liquid diet! And of course the pain of his operative site which is
just normal for several days after undergoing the operation.
Since cholecystitis is the inflammation of the gall bladder which is usually
accompanied by gallstones or cholelithiasis these gallstones may block the way of
toxic substances that really needs to go out, but due to this blockage this toxic
substances are not then being expelled and are just being stored in the bladder for a
period of time. This then causes inflammation of the gallbladder. The treatment
usually done is the cholecystectomy.
In order to lower the risk of having this kind of condition each and every one of
us must be conscious in our diet. We should try to avoid foods which are rich in salt
and fats, especially those foods which contains many seasonings. Though there is a
saying that ”Mas masarap pag bawal” which always pertains to the food were eating
we should still be conscious on our health especially if we want to live longer and
also to avoid those life-threatening diseases which not only shorten our life but causes
us some financial problem. Remember also the saying “Mahal ang magkasakit”.
Just like on what our patient had experience he still has to collect money for the
operation he had underwent causing them to have debt with different persons. Let us
not enjoy ourselves with the delicious food were eating that is rich in salts and fats
but we should enjoy living because we have a healthy condition.
X. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Joyce M. Black,PhD, RN, CPSN, CWCN & Jane Hokanson Hawks, DNSc, RN, BC, “Medical- Surgical Nursing” 7th edition, pg.1302-1314.
Nursing 2004 Drug Handbook, 24th edition
Doenges, Moorhouse, & Murr,” Nurse’s pocket guide” 9th edition.
Online Resources
www.facs.org
http://tjsamson.client.web-health.com/web-health/topics/GeneralHealth/generalhealthsub/generalhealth/liver&gallbladder/what_gallbladder.html
http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic97.htm
http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic163.htm
http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/adult_liver/chole.cfm
http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic98.htm
Microsoft Encarta 2004
Nursing Care Plan Content CD-ROM
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