Download - 8 Parasitic Adaptations in Helminths
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
“Parasitic adaptations in Helminths”
A presentation compiled from various sources by
Dr. PARVISH PANDYA,Zoology Dept. Bhavan’s College, Andheri.
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Sites from which presentations have been downloaded and later editted. I am indeed thankful to them for their kindness and support :http://esg-www.mit.edu:8001/esgbio/cb/org/organelles.htmlhttp://faculty.pnc.edu/jcamp/parasit/parasit.htmlhttp://www.amnh.org/rose/hope/creatinghope/http://www.biology.eku.edu/SCHUSTER/bio%20141/POWERPOINT%20NOTES/Intro%20to%20Protozoa_files/fullscreen.htmhttp://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~zoology/eeob405/http://www.tulane.edu/~wiser/protozoology/pwpt/http://www.iep.water.ca.gov/suisun/photos/wildlife.htmlhttp://www.uta.edu/biology/marshall/2343/http://www.uta.edu/biology/faculty/faculty.htmlhttp://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/Zoology/PowerPoint.htmhttp://bio.fsu.edu/http://www.aw-bc.com/http://www.nhm.org/http://www.geo.cornell.edu/eas/education/course/descr/EAS302/presentations/
It is very easy to find mistakes in these presentations…..I request you to kindly rectify them and supply me the modifications needed at [email protected] a lot and have fun in teaching & learning Zoology….
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Phylum Platyhelminthes & Aschelminthes = Helminth worms
flatwormsSelected characteristics: Anatomy: thin and flat; digestion - free-living and parasitic forms excretion - protonephridia (flame cells) nervous - 1st CNS;ganglia, 2 ventral nerve
cords, eyespots, auricles
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Triploblasts
PseudocoelomatesNematodaRotifera
AcoelomatesPlatyhelminthesGastrotricha?Nemertea?
Coelomates
ProtostomesMollusca OnycophoraAnnelida Nemertea?Arthropoda Bryozoa?Tardigrada
DeuterostomesEchinodermataHemichordataChordata
Deuterostomemouth not from blastopore
Protostomemouth from blastopore
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
1. Phylum Platyhelminthes: Flatworms are acoelomates with gastrovascular cavities
• There are about 20,000 species of flatworms living in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats.– They also include many parasitic species, such as the
flukes and tapeworms.• Flatworms have thin bodies, ranging in size from
the nearly microscopic to tapeworms over 20 m long.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Flat worms• Triploblastic• Acoelomate• Bilateral symmetry• Hermaphroditic
– Monoecious
• One opening for digestive system
• Ladder nervous system
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Flatworms are divided into four classes: TurbellariaMonogeniaTrematodaand Cestoidea
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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1. Class Turbellaria
• free-living flatworms planarians (Dugesia) highly branched gastrovascular
• cavity pharynx - muscular• opening to gastrovascular cavity
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Class Turbellaria
• Eye spots• Ciliated surface• Regenerate if cut in
two
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Turbellarian Pharynx
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Platyhelminthes• the most primitive bilateral animals?• 80% parasites (derived)• specialization potential• Class Turbellaria
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
• respiration• many w/symbionts for the O2• increased respiration rate • some deep (5 cm) sediment hunters w/ hemoglobin and symbionts
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
• Flatworms have an excretory system called protonephridia, consisting of a branching network of dead-end tubules.– These are capped by a
flame bulb with a tuft of cilia that draws water and solutes from the interstitial fluid, through the flame bulb, and into the tubule system.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
• Flatworms and other bilaterians are triploblastic, with a middle embryonic tissue layer, mesoderm, which contributes to more complex organs and organs systems and to true muscle tissue.
• While flatworms are structurally more complex than cnidarians or ctenophores, they are simpler than other bilaterans.– Like cnidarians and ctenophores, flatworms have a
gastrovascular cavity with only one opening (and tapeworms lack a digestive system entirely and absorb nutrients across their body surface).
– Unlike other bilaterians, flatworms lack a coelom.Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
• Planarians and other flatworms lack organs specialized for gas exchange and circulation.– Their flat shape places all cells close to the
surrounding water and fine branching of the digestive system distributes food throughout the animal.
– Nitrogenous wastes are removed by diffusion and simple ciliated flame cells help maintain osmotic balance.
Fig. 33.10
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Turbellarian GI tracts• increasing complexitymicroturbellariansAcoela
• simple pharynx• no gut cavity
macroturbellariansTricladia (3-branched)
• tubular protrusible pharynxPolycladida (multi-branched) - marine
• 3-brached protrusible pharynx
pharynx plicatus
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Protonephridia• excretory• osmorgulatory• flame cells• filtration• selective absorption
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Sensory structures• brain (ganglia)• net-like nervous system• variable number of longitudinal
nerve cords• evolutionary trend toward
net reduction• bilateral brain• paired longitudinal nerve cords• “pigment cup” ocelli (no. varies)• strong negative phototaxis• sensory pits -> chemoreception• complex behaviors - learning
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Acoelomate
Phylum Platyhelminthes: Class Turbellaria
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Parenchyma• tissue connecting muscles and gut• large flatworms: mesenchymal cells in an extracellular matrix• small flatworms: matrix minimal or absent• liquid in some some fw forms - hydrostatic skeleton + internal transport• parenchymal cells types• epidermal replacement cells • neoblasts - totipotent, wound healing• fixed parenchymal cells - join cells and tissues• low-resistant pathways for intercellular transport of metabolites
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
2. Classes Trematoda and Monogenea
• flukes• parasites• many feed with oral suckers and microvilli• oral and ventral suckers used to attach to host• gastrovascular cavity - not branched• hosts: primary-where sexual reproduction of parasite
occurs• intermediate-no sexual reproductive stage of parasite• Examples: Schistosoma mansoni - human blood fluke• Clonorchis sinensis - Chinese liver fluke
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Class Trematoda
• Flukes• Parasites• Holdfast devices
– Most
• Complex life cycle• Intermediate host
– Animal with juvenile stage
• Definitive host– Animal with adult stage
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
• Trematodes parasitize a wide range of hosts, and most species have complex life cycles with alternation of sexual and asexual stages.– Many require an intermediate host in which the
larvae develop before infecting the final hosts (usually a vertebrate) where the adult worm lives.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Fascioloa hepatica
• Sheep liver fluke• Sheep, cattle and man
– Weight loss
• Eat vegetation with metacercaria
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Generalized
Fluke
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Trematoda
Fluke
Fig. 46.6Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Life Cycle of the Sheep Liver Fluke
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Schistosoma
• Blood flukes• 200 million people• 1 million deaths/year
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
• The blood flukeSchistosoma infects200 million people,leading to body pains,anemia, and dysentery.
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Life Cycle of a Schistosome Fluke
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Schistosome
• Cercaria have forked tail
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Class Cestoidea
• Tape worms• No digestive system• 40 feet long
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
3. Class Cestoda
• tapeworms• parasitic• no digestive cavity• body: head = scolex• proglottids = body sections containing male and
female sex organs• Examples: human tapeworms; pigs, cows, and fish
are intermediate hosts• Sushi - tapeworm infestation has risen with the
popularity of this dish• ??Filariasis?
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
• Tapeworms (class Cestoidea) are also parasitic.– The adults live mostly in
vertebrates, including humans.
• Suckers and hooks on the head or scolex anchor the worm in the digestive tract of the host.
• A long series of proglottids, sacsof sex organs, lie posterior to the scolex.
• Tapeworms absorb food particles from their hosts.
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
• Mature proglottids, loaded with thousands of eggs, are released from the posterior end of the tapeworm and leave with the host’s feces.– In one type of cycle, tapeworm eggs in
contaminated food or water are ingested by intermediary hosts, such as pigs or cattle.
– The eggs develop into larvae that encyst in the muscles of their host.
– Humans acquire the larvae by eating undercooked meat contaminated with cysts.
– The larvae develop into mature adults within the human.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Platyhelminthes• rhabdoids and rhabdites• some expel rhabdites to ensnare prey and gather detritus• duo-glands (adhesive and releaser glands)
• multi-ciliated cells• pedal waves• muscles• looping
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Pork Tapeworm
(Taenia solium)
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Scolex
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
UterusUterusTestesTestes
OvaryOvary
Yolk glandYolk gland
Vas deferensVas deferens
Seminal receptacleSeminal receptacle
Proglottid
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Life Cycle
of the
Broad-Fish
Tapeworm
Diphyllobothriumlatum
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Aschelminthes? Ecdysozoans?• the molting aschelminths• ecdysone-like steroids• 4 molts during development• multi-layered collagen cuticle• epidermis often syncytial• continue to grow between molts• eutely
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Phylum Nematoda
• 12,000 species– 500,000 possible
• Cylindrical body• Only longitudinal
muscles• Noncellular cuticle
with several layers• Pseuodcoelomate• Mouth and anus
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• Found everywhere– Soil– Oceans– Polar ice– Hot springs
• Parasites of nearly all plant and animal species!
Nematodes
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Musculature and Movement• no circular muscles - no peristalsis • dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles• innervation – muscle processes extend to nerve cords• high internal pressure 10 x greater than most inverts• rigid cuticle, partially contracted muscles• round• sinusoidal waves
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Feeding• 6 muscular lips (often fused to 3)• muscular pharynx moves food and keeps gut lumen open• pharyngeal glands lubricate + enzymes • digestion mainly extracellular• wastes voided by the minute
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Respiration and Circulation• diffusion
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
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little host specificity
12 US spp., 2 common
females sluggishmales active
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Internal and
External
Features of a
Nematode
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentationNematode Reproductive Systems
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Ascaris lumbricoides
• Roundworm of man• 1.2 billion people in US• Females lay 200,000 eggs a day• Unsanitary habits contaminate ground• Night soil
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Dioecious
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Life Cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Trichinella spiralis• Trichina worm• Pigs, bear, dogs, cats,
rats and man• Trichinosis
– Encysts in muscles
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Life Cycle of Trichinella spiralis
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Wuchereria bancrofti• Lives in lymphatic
system• Obstruct lymph to
cause swelling– Elephantiasis
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Elephantiasis
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Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Life Cycle
of
Wucheria spp.
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The End