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6.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 11
6.091Hands-On Introduction to
EE Lab Skills
Instructor: Gim Hom
Lab Assistants: Ben Gelb, Danh Vo
“You chose wisely….”
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6.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 12
6.091 Course• Day 1
– Electronic Components (RLC, diodes) and Theory– Use of Multi-Meters & Oscilloscopes; Construction & Debugging
of Simple Electronic Circuits
• Day 2 LED’s, BJT, MOSFETS, Optical Isolators, Op Amps
• Day 3: More Integrated Circuits: Timers, Voltage Regulators, Simple Power Amplifier
• Day 4: Motors, Digital ICs
• Day 5: AD/DA Converters, Digital Design Lab, Wrap Up
• 6 Unit; course grading is pass/fail. Completion of all 5 labs required for passing.
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36.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Course Schedule• Lectures Jan 14, 16, 22, 24, 29 • Lab hours – 3 Sections
Section 1: 5-9PM; Section 2: 2-6PM, Section 7-11PM
M T W R F14 15 16 17 18Lecture LectureSec 1 Lab Sec 2 Lab Sec 1 Lab Sec 2 Lab
Sec 3 Lab Sec 3 Lab21 22 23 24 25
Lecture LectureSec 1 Lab Sec 2 Lab Sec 1 Lab
Sec 3 Lab28 29 30 31
LectureSec 2 Lab Sec 1 Lab Sec 2 LabSec 3 Lab Sec 3 Lab
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46.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Safety
• 5-10 ma can cause death• Skin resistance can range from 1k for wet
skin to 500k for dry skin.• Death can result from as low as 50 volts• Body can sense 9 volts under the right
conditions.
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56.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Electrical Units• Voltage: volts (μv → kv)• Current: amperes (amps), milliampere
(ma 10-3)• Resistance: ohms Ω, k-ohms (k 103),
meg ohms (m 106)• Capacitance: farad, microfarad (µf 10-6),
nanofarad (nf 10-9), picofarad (pf 10-12)• Inductance: henry, millihenry, microhenry• Frequency: mhz, ghz 109
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66.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Common Acronyms• BJT – Bipolar Junction
Transistor• MOSFET – Metal Oxide
Field Effect Transistor• PCB – Printed Circuit
Board• DIP – dual inline package• SMD, SMT Surface
mount device/technology• cap – capacitor• pot – potentiometer
• AM – amplitude modulation
• FM – frequency modulation
• RF – radio frequency• IF – intermediate
frequency.• dikes – diagonal pliers• 1Nxxx diodes• 2Nxxxx transistors
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76.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
ground resistor, variable switches
capacitor Inductor transformer speaker fuse
npn, pnp mosfets
diode, zener diode
EE Symbols
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86.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Voltage
• What is the equation describing the voltage from a 120VAC outlet?
• 120 VAC is the RMS (Root Mean Square Voltage)
• 60 is the frequency in hz• Peak to peak voltage for 120VAC is 340 volts!
340 V
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96.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
DC
RMS Voltage• The RMS voltage for a sinusoid is that
value which will produce the same heating effect (energy) as an equivalent DC voltage.
• Energy =
• For DC,
• Equating and solving, A =
t = π
tAv sin=
dtvr
vidtPdt∫ ∫∫ ==ππ
0
2
0
1
rvrms π×2
rmsv
2 rmsvi
+
-v
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106.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
RMS Derivation
][ 00
2 2sin41
2sin
ππ
ttdt −=∫
tdtAr
dtvrr
vrms 2
0
2
0
22
sin11∫∫ ==
× πππ
][ 0
22
2sin41
2ππ tt
rA
rvrms −=
2 rmsvA =
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116.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Resistors• V = IR• Resistor parameters: resistance,
tolerance and power rating.• Variable resistors: pots• Resistors are color coded• Standard Values 10 12 15 18 22 27 33 39 47
56 68 82• Common tolerance: ±5%, ±1%,• Series/parallel combination• Why is high voltage used in power lines?
DC
i
+
-v
R
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126.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Resistor Color Code
red green brown gold2 5 0 Ω 5%
0 0 100 - 1
101 - 10
102 - 100
103 - 1000
104 - 10000
105 - 100000
106 - 1000000
107 - 10000000
108 - 100000000
109 - 1000000000
0 0
9 9
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
10%
20%
1
Color
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White
Gold
Silver
None
1st-bandDigit
2nd-bandDigit
3rd-bandDigit
4th-bandDigit
1st Significant Digit Tolerance
Multiplier2nd Significant Digit
Red Green Brown Gold250 Ω 5%
Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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6.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 113
2%, 1% Resistor Codes
10 10-1 10-2103 104 105 106 107 108 109
Significant Figures
Tolerance %
Multiplier
Temperature Coefficient PPM/˚C
100 50 15 25 10 5 1
8 97654321
2% 0.5% 0,25% 0,1% 0,05% 10%5%1%
0
1 102
4k7 5% 681k 2%56k2 1%15PPM/˚C
Bla
ck
Bro
wn
Red
Ora
ng
e
Yello
w
Gre
en
Blu
e
Vio
let
Gre
y
Wh
ite
Go
ld
Silv
er
Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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146.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Resistors
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156.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Capacitance
+
-v
i
dtdvCi =
A = surface area of plates
d = distance between plates.
Capacitor marking: 104 = 10x104 pf = 105 x 10-12 f = 10-7f = 0.1 µf
Standard Capacitance Values: 10 12 15 18 22 27 33 39 47 56 68 82
Examples: 100pf, 180pf, 270pf,… 1µf , 2.2µf , 4.7µf ,…
dAKc 0ε=
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166.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Capacitors
• Parallel / Series combinationThink!
• Capacitors range for 1 pf (10-12) to 100,000 µf (10-1)
• Typically capacitors larger than 1µf are polarized. Non polarized units are marked NP (non-polar) or BP (bipolar).
• All capacitors have maximum voltage ratings.
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176.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Capacitors
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186.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Inductors
• Inductors are used in tuned circuits, switching power supplies, voltage converters, light dimmers, GFI.
• Inductors vary from a few µh (etched on a pcb) to henries.
)()( tidtdLtv =
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6.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 119
Inductors
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206.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Diodes
• Diodes allow current to flow in the direction of the arrow.
• Can be modeled as an open circuit in one direction and a short circuit in the other (with a 0.6 volt drop)
• Diode parameters: max current, reverse breakdown voltage, reverse recovery time.
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216.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Lab 1
• Display signals on scope• Measure the time, frequency, and voltage with
oscilloscope – manually and scope assisted.• Voltage measurement across resistor divider• Build simple circuits on a protoboard.• Solder a resistor cube and measure resistance
between opposite corners.• Return only the switches.
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6.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 122
Proto-Boards• +5v, +15v, -15v
available
• Pins within row or column connected
• Wiring convention:– red: positive– black: ground
(reference point) or negative
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236.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Lab Instruments
• Function Generator – generate modulated or unmodulated waveform.
• DMM – digital multimeter; measures voltage, current and resistance
• Oscilloscope – displays waveforms x-axis = time; y axis = amplitude
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246.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Agilent Function Generator
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256.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Agilent DMM
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266.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Oscilloscope
Menu driven soft key/buttons
Cursor controls
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276.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Oscilloscope Controls• Auto Set, soft menu
keys
• Trigger – channel, – slope, – Level
• Input– AC, DC coupling, – 10x probe, – 1khz calibration source,– probe calibration,– bandwidth filter
• Signal measurement– time, – frequency, – voltage– cursors– single sweep
• Image capture
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286.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Personal DMM
• Voltage DC: 2mv-1000v• Voltage AC: 2vac-750vac• Current: 2ua-10A• Resistance: 2-2m• BJT: beta test• Diode test
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6.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 129
Soldering Technique
• Use ceramic tile.• Turn on soldering iron.• Clean tip on wet sponge.• Apply heat to circuit board and/or
component.• Apply solder to the component (not the
soldering iron). Let the component melt the solder!
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306.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 1
Apply heat to the circuit board
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6.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 131
Apply solder to the component, not to the soldering iron
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6.091 IAP 2008 Lecture 132
Resistor Cube
Build and solder a resistor cube with (12) 1k resistors.
What is the resistance between the two points?