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DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS
• Information is everywhere in an organization
• Information is stored in databases– Database – maintains information about
various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses)
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DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS
• Database models include:– Hierarchical database model – information is
organized into a tree-like structure (using parent/child relationships) in such a way that it cannot have too many relationships
– Network database model – a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships
– Relational database model – stores information in the form of logically related two-dimensional tables
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DATABASE ADVANTAGES
• Database advantages from a business perspective include– Increased flexibility– Increased scalability and performance– Reduced information redundancy– Increased information integrity (quality)– Increased information security
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Increased Flexibility
• A well-designed database should:– Handle changes quickly and easily– Provide users with different views– Have only one physical view
• Physical view – deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device
– Have multiple logical views• Logical view – focuses on how users logically
access information
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Increased Scalability and Performance
• A database must scale to meet increased demand, while maintaining acceptable performance levels– Scalability – refers to how well a system can
adapt to increased demands– Performance – measures how quickly a
system performs a certain process or transaction
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Reduced Redundancy
• Databases reduce information redundancy– Redundancy – the duplication of information
or storing the same information in multiple places
• Inconsistency is one of the primary problems with redundant information
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Increased Integrity (Quality)
• Information integrity – measures the quality of information
• Integrity constraint – rules that help ensure the quality of information– Relational integrity constraint – rule that enforces
basic and fundamental information-based constraints– Business-critical integrity constraint – rule that
enforce business rules vital to an organization’s success and often require more insight and knowledge than relational integrity constraints
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Increased Security
• Information is an organizational asset and must be protected
• Databases offer several security features including:– Password – provides authentication of the user– Access level – determines who has access to the
different types of information – Access control – determines types of user access,
such as read-only access
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• Entity – a person, place, thing, transaction, or event about which information is stored– The rows in each table contain the entities– In Figure 6.5 CUSTOMER includes Dave’s Sub Shop
and Pizza Palace entities
• Entity class (table) – a collection of similar entities– In Figure 6.5 CUSTOMER, ORDER, ORDER LINE,
DISTRIBUTOR, and PRODUCT entity classes
RELATIONAL DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS
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• Attributes (fields, columns) – characteristics or properties of an entity class– The columns in each table contain the attributes– In Figure 6.5 attributes for CUSTOMER include:
• Customer ID• Customer Name• Contact Name• Phone
RELATIONAL DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS
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• Primary keys and foreign keys identify the various entity classes (tables) in the database– Primary key – a field (or group of fields) that
uniquely identifies a given entity in a table– Foreign key – a primary key of one table that
appears an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship among the two tables
RELATIONAL DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS
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Potential relational database for Coca-Cola
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
• Database management systems (DBMS) – software through which users and application programs interact with a database
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
• Four components of a DBMS
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Data Definition Component
• Data definition component – creates and maintains the data dictionary and the structure of the database
• The data definition component includes the data dictionary– Data dictionary – a file that stores definitions of
information types, identifies the primary and foreign keys, and maintains the relationships among the tables
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Data Definition Component
• Data dictionary essentially defines the logical properties of the information that the database contains
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Data Manipulation Component
• Data manipulation component – allows users to create, read, update, and delete information in a database
• A DBMS contains several data manipulation tools:– View – allows users to see, change, sort, and query the
database content– Report generator – users can define report formats – Query-by-example (QBE) – users can graphically
design the answers to specific questions– Structured query language (SQL) – query language
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Data Manipulation Component
• Sample report using Microsoft Access Report Generator
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Data Manipulation Component
• Sample report using Access Query-By-Example (QBE) tool
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Data Manipulation Component
• Results from the query in Figure 6.10
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Data Manipulation Component
• SQL version of the QBE Query in Figure 6.10
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Application Generation and Data Administration Components
• Application generation component – includes tools for creating visually appealing and easy-to-use applications
• Data administration component – provides tools for managing the overall database environment by providing faculties for backup, recovery, security, and performance
• IT specialists primarily use these components
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INTEGRATING DATA AMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES
• Integration – allows separate systems to communicate directly with each other– Forward integration – takes information
entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all downstream systems and processes
– Backward integration – takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all upstream systems and processes
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INTEGRATING DATAAMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES
• Forward and backward integration
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INTEGRATING DATAAMONG MULTIPLE DATABASES
• Building a central repository specifically for integrated information