Download - 4.Disaster Management
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
1/39
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Submitted to - Mrs. Bindu
Submitted by - Jagwinder SinghSekhon
Roll no. - 37
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
2/39
The Phases of Disaster management
Mitigation:
Lessen the impact of a disaster before it strikes
Preparedness:
Activities undertaken to handle a disaster when it
strikes
Response:
Search and rescue, clearing debris, and feeding
and sheltering victims (and responders if
necessary). Recovery:
Getting a community back to its pre-disaster status
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
3/39
Mitigation
Includes any activitiesthat prevent a disaster,reduce the chances of a
disaster happening, orreduce the damagingeffects of unavoidabledisasters
(FEMA,1986)
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
4/39
Mitigation Activities that reduce or eliminate a
hazard
Prevention
Risk reduction
Examples
Immunization programs
Public education
Improved building codes
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
5/39
Role Of Nurse In Mitigation
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
6/39
Role of Nurse in Mitigation Nurses have key role in disaster mitigation
by working with local, state and federal
agencies in identifying disaster risks and
developing disaster prevention strategies
through extensive public education in
disaster prevention and readiness. The nurse needs to have knowledge about
community assessment information,
community resources (e.g., hospitals,clinics), community health personnel (e.g.,
nurses, doctors, emergency medical teams),
community govt. officials and local industry.
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
7/39
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
8/39
Preparedness
Includes plan and
preparation made to
save lives and helprescue operations
(FEMA 1986)
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
9/39
Preparedness
Activities that are taken to build
capacity and identify resources that
may be used
Know evacuation shelters
Emergency communication plan
Preventive measures to prevent spread of
disease Public Education
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
10/39
Preparedness Public education to reduce the impact
of dangerous situations in certain areasthat are prone to disaster situations.
Community health nurses may be
involved in such efforts, which mayinclude instruction regarding proper
safety precautions, storage of
emergency supplies, and first aidcourses to prepare the public to care
for injuries in the event of an actual
emergency.
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
11/39
The reasons of community
preparedness
Members of a community have the most to lossfrom being vulnerable to disasters and the most togain from an effective and appropriate emergencypreparedness program.
Those who first respond to an emergency come
from within the community. When transport andcommunications are disrupted, an externalemergency response may not arrive for days.
Resources are most easily pooled at thecommunity level and every community possesses
capabilities. Failure to exploit these capabilities ispoor resource management.
Sustained development is best achieved byallowing emergency affected communities todesign, manage and implement internal and
external assistance program.
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
12/39
Planning Plan for rescue, evacuation, caring for
disaster victims, training disaster response
personnel. Gathering resources, equipment and
materials necessary for coping with disaster. Making anticipatory provision for food, water,
clothing, shelter and medicine.
F ll i t t i ld b id d
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
13/39
Following strategies could be consideredfor developing preparedness plan.
Convening meeting for the purpose of sharing
knowledge. Holding disaster drills, rehearsals and
stimulations.
Developing techniques for training, informationtransfer and hazard assessment.
Understanding public educational activities.
Establishing informal lines and ties betweenrelevant groups.
Anticipating and communication about future
dangers and hazards. Drawing up organizational disaster plans and
integrating them in overall community disasterplan.
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
14/39
Are nurses
prepared??
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
15/39
Role of nurse Community health nurse have skills in crises
intervention and are involved in acute care,
first aid, rescue and evacuation procedures,recognizing and preventing communicableillnesses.
To establish an effective public communication
system.
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
16/39
Principles of disaster plan Planning should be a continuous process.
It should reduce the unknown in problematicsituation.
It must evoke appropriate action.
It should foresee what is likely to happen.
It should be based on valid knowledge. It should focus on general principles.
It should serve as an educational activity.
It should overcome resistance.
The plan must be tested.
Adjust planning to people rather thanexpecting people to change their behavior inorder to confirm with the planning.
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
17/39
Response
Activities a hospital,
healthcare system, or
public health agency
take immediately before,during, and after a
disaster or emergency
occurs.
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
18/39
Response How these goals are achieved will vary with the
type of disaster and the type of rescue worker.
Police officers and firefighters will have an entirely
different focus than health care workers.
Preplanning mandates the designation of a
command center and coordinated interactions
among various response personnel.
In the event of a disaster situation, the emergency
operation center (EOC) becomes operational. The
EOC includes health personnel from the local
emergency medical system (EMS). These
personnel will be included in treating people at the
scene of the disaster as well as at other
designated location, including local hospitals.
R
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
19/39
Response The management of mass casualties
can be further divided into; Search and rescue.
Field care/ first aid
Triage and stabilization of victims.
Hospital treatment and redistribution of
patients to other hospitals, if necessary.
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
20/39
Response
Tagging All patients should be identified with tags stating
their name, age, place of origin, triage category,
diagnosis and initial treatment.
Identification of dead Removal of dead from the disaster scene.
Shifting to mortuary
Reception of bereaved relatives.
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
21/39
Recovery Activities undertaken
by a community and itscomponents after an
emergency or disaster
to restore minimum
services and move
towards long-term
restoration.
Debris Removal
Care and Shelter
Damage Assessments
Funding Assistance
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
22/39
Recovery The reconstruction of the victims life
begins with initial care and continuesuntil the victim has recovered. This
may take few days , months, or years.
Victim and disaster workers mustreceive adequate psychological
counseling and emotional support to
be able to effectively return to normal
living.
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
23/39
Relief phase Begins when assistance from outside
starts to reach the disaster area.
Following the initial emergency phase,needed supplies will include; food,blankets, clothing, shelter, sanitary
engineering equipment and constructionmaterial.
Principal components in managinghumanitarian supplies;
Acquisition of supplies. Transportation.
Storage.
Distribution.
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
24/39
Care of disaster victims
The goal is to provide the greatestchance of survival to the largest
number of the disaster victims through
a system of attending the most sick
and seriously injured victims first, thenothers who are less serious and could
wait for sometime to get medical
attention(Triage).
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
25/39
Disaster triage To determine the priorities of care, victims
are classified into several groups. Classification according to treatment
need;
Minimal treatment; Persons who may assistothers after treatment is given.
Immediate treatment; persons who will benefit
most by treatment.
Delayed treatment; Persons who will not die iftreatment is delayed.
Expectant treatment; critically injured persons
who will receive treatment if time permits.
Classification according to
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
26/39
Classification according to
priority of care Priority one; Emergency; Persons who need
immediate attention to save their lives. Priority two; Urgent; Persons who need
attention within a few hours; If they do notreceive attention, may suffer serious
consequences. Priority three; Non-urgent; Persons who can
tolerate a delay in receiving attention. Victimsin this group can be attended in order of arrivaland will need assurance that they have not
been forgotten about. Priority four; Non-acute; Persons who do not
require the services from rescuing/emergencydepartment but can be examined by themedical staff as a regular or routine case.
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
27/39
Displacement of disaster
victims
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
28/39
Mass casualty management Do the best for the most promptly within the
prevailing resources.
Triage. Grade the care of casualties.
First aid
Life saving measures
Preparation for evacuation Primary surgery
Limit the first aid activities at the disaster sitefor maintaining and restoring vital functions.
Transport the victims. Work with confidence and in co-ordination
with other members of the rescue team.
Di t
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
29/39
Disaster sceneEach locality has its own standard operating
procedures for disaster operations. But in general
following procedures can help; A command post is established in a safe area.
Communication is to be established withhospitals, medical facilities, dispatchers and otheremergency units.
Hazard control must begin as soon as possible.There must be close co-ordination betweenrescue personnel, fire fighters and law
enforcement officers. Emergency medical first aider on the first
ambulance to arrive automatically become triageofficer, such as a physician from nearby hospital.
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
30/39
Extrication may be difficult or delayed. Thosedoing the extrication must work closely with firstaiders so that triage can begin along with first aidand patients are not injured duringdisentanglement operation.
When possible patients are removed according tothe severity of their injuries but this is not alwayspractical.
A triage point should be set up in safe area insuch a way so that all patients are funneledthrough triage before they are taken to ambulancefor transport.
All ambulance drivers stay with their vehicles.First aider should report to triage officer alongwith equipments.
The command post should determine the hospitalto which a particular ambulance should go.
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
31/39
A special care area should be set up toreceive relatives and friends of disastervictims. Person in charge of this areamust make certain that only reliableinformation is passed on to friends andrelatives. Emergency care should beavailable at the information centre.
Since dead bodies may not be removedfrom the scene until all the injuredpatients have been transported, a
temporary morgue should be establishedout of site and source one should guardto prevent unauthorized persons fromdisturbing the bodies.
Shifti f ti t
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
32/39
Shifting of patientsFirst aider should be mentally prepared to give first aid
to the casualty.
The ambulance The driver of the ambulance should be active so that he
can inspect the need of first aid needed by any person.
The first aider should be alert.
The driver should keep ready his ambulance. He should
check; Wheels and tires daily
Doors and windows
Fuel tank
Facilities i.e. equipments should be ready and in a workingcondition.
The warning devices i.e. check the siren, horn, visual warningsignals, to be sure in working order.
Lights should be alright like test the high/low head lights, turnsignals, brake lights, back up lights, etc.
The driver should have knowledge about the priority tag and heshould have tags according to the need.
Information obtained by
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
33/39
Information obtained by
dispatcher
There are number of ways in whichdispatchers collect and disseminateinformation. A trained dispatcher should askfrom the caller; Disclose your identity and from where you are
speaking. What is the nature of emergency.
What is the exact location of accident. (the exactlocation of sick or injured is critical. Dispatcher
should ask the building number, street name anddirection, etc.)
How many people are involved in accident.
Note down the number of caller, if any.
Driving the ambulance to the
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
34/39
Driving the ambulance to thescene
The driver should know about theemergency driving.
He should avoid accidents.
The driver should know about the law.
Emergency vehicles are granted certainprivileges with respect to speed,parking passage through traffic signals
and direction of them but then alsodriver must be conscious about thelaw, because law never forgiveanybody.
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
35/39
Driver must be well educated.
He must know about road laws.
He must be a licensed driver.
He must be active and punctual. He should not take any medicine like narcotics,
tranquilizers or anti-allergic which cause the sedation.
He is not allowed to drink at the time of duty to preventaccident.
He should not overuse the warning devices, Use sirenwhen needed.
Be prepared for the erratic maneuvers of other drivers.Some people become panic when they listen siren.
Never use the siren indiscriminately and never use it toscare someone.
Equip ambulance with simple horn, not in a tuning.
The driver should be cautious about the animals or thepeople on the road. He should slow down his speed while
watching them from far away.
Ti f di t
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
36/39
Tips for disaster rescuer Be professional; to stay alert to detect the victims problems
and needs.
Have a presence of mind; Be prompt in any action whatnormally a prudent person would do.
Talk with victims; Acknowledge their individual existence,fears, questions and needs.
Listen to victims; Reassurance often comes from havingsomeone listening especially for victims who are near panic,
argumentative or overly active. Provide needed care; Both physical and emotional needs of
the victim must be considered.
Provide food and drink; This will have a calming effect,provide assurance.
Design tasks for the victims; Those who are injury freeshould be kept engaged by simple tasks, i.e. feeding, givingwater to helpless.
Keep victims together; To think that he is not alone or astranger during disaster.
Personal protection in
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
37/39
Personal protection in
different types of emergencies
Do not use the telephone, except to call forhelp, so as to leave telephone lines free for theorganization of response.
Listen to the messages broadcast by radio andthe various media so as to be informed of
development. Carry out the official instructions given over
the radio or loud speaker.
Keep a family emergency kit ready.
In all the different types of emergencies, it isbetter; To be prepared than to get hurt.
To get information so as to get organized.
To wait rather than act too hastily.
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
38/39
Disaster prevention
The measures designed to preventnatural phenomenon from causing or
resulting in disaster or other
emergency situations. It include;
Formulation and implementation of long
range policies and programs to prevent or
eliminate the occurrence of disaster.
Enactment of legislation and regulatorymeasures pertaining to physical and urban
planning, public works and building.
THANKS
-
7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management
39/39
THANKS