Download - 42Fundus Angiography
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Introduction To Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA)And Indocyanine Green(ICG)
- Dr HITESH SHARMA,
JR1 , DEPT OF OPHTHALMOLOGY,
IMS – B.H.U.
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FUNDUS ANGIOGRAPHY
1. Fluorescein (FA)• Characteristics of Fluorescein & General principles• Excitation and emission
2. Indocyanine green (ICG)
• Filters• Photographic technique• Phases of normal angiogram• Causes of dark appearance of fovea• Causes of hyperfluorescence • Causes of hypofluorescence
• General principles
• Phases of normal angiogram
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Characteristics of Fluorescein
• Nontoxic, inexpensive, safe• Alkaline solution• Highly fluorescent• Absorbs blue light (480-500 nm)• Emits yellow-green (500-600 nm [525 nm])• Effective at pH 7.37-7.45• Removal from blood by kidneys and liver
within 24 hrs.
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General principles of FA
Fluorescein• 85% bound to serum proteins• 15% unbound ‘free’ fluorescein
• Impermeable to fluorescein
Outer blood-retinal barrier (zonula occludens)• Impermeable to fluorescein
Choriocapillaris• Permeable only to ‘free’ fluorescein
Inner blood-retinal barrier (retinal capillaries)
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Excitation and emission
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Filters
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Photographic technique
1. Take red-free photograph2. Inject rapidly 5 ml of 10% solution3. Take photographs at 1 sec intervals between 5-25 sec after injection4. Take photographs after 10 min and 20 min, if appropriate
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Normal FFA
• Arm-to-retina circulation time is 12-15 sec.• Five angiographic phases:
• Pre arterial• Arterial• Arteriovenous• Venous• Recirculation
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Phases of normal FA
Arterial• Arterial filling
Arteriovenous (capillary) • Very early lamellar venous flow
Early venous • Marked lamellar venous flow
Mid-venous • Almost complete venous filling
Late venous • Complete venous filling
Late • Progressively weaker fluorescence• Staining of disc
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Hyperfluorescence Hyperfluorescence
LeakLeak
Transmission increase Transmission increase
Abnormal vessels Abnormal vessels
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LeakLeak
Pooling (in a space)Pooling (in a space)
Staining (in a tissue).Staining (in a tissue).
Pigment epithelial window defect Pigment epithelial window defect
Retinal Retinal
Subretinal Subretinal Tumors Tumors
Abnormal Vessels
Abnormal Vessels
Transmission increase
Transmission increase
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Hyperfluorescence Hyperfluorescence LeakLeak
Pooling
(in a space)
Pooling
(in a space)
Staining
(in a tissue).
Staining
(in a tissue).
Retinal Retinal
Subretinal Subretinal
Retinal Retinal
Subretinal Subretinal
Cystoid edema Cystoid edema
Perivascular staining Perivascular staining
Retinal pigment epitheliumRetinal pigment epithelium
Noncystoid edema Noncystoid edema
DrusenDrusen
Scars Scars
Sclera Sclera
Lamina cribrosa Lamina cribrosa
Sensory retina detachmentSensory retina detachment
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Hyperfluorescence Hyperfluorescence Transmission
Increase
Transmission
Increase
Pigment
Epithelial
Window
Defect
Pigment
Epithelial
Window
Defect
Atrophy Atrophy
Drusen Drusen
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Hyperfluorescence Hyperfluorescence Abnormal
Vessels
Abnormal
Vessels
Retinal Retinal
Subretinal Subretinal
Tumors Tumors
Tortuosity and Dilation Tortuosity and Dilation
Neovascularization Neovascularization
Aneurysms Aneurysms
Telangiectasias Telangiectasias
Shunts and collaterals Shunts and collaterals
Vessels in scar Vessels in scar
MacroaneurysmsMacroaneurysms
Neovascularization Neovascularization
Retinal Retinal
Subretinal Subretinal
Angioma Angioma
Retinoblastoma Retinoblastoma
MicroaneurysmsMicroaneurysms
Hemangioma Hemangioma Melanoma Melanoma MetastasesMetastases
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Hypofluorescence Hypofluorescence
Transmission Decrease
(blocking effect)
Transmission Decrease
(blocking effect)
Filling defect
(delay and occlusion)
Filling defect
(delay and occlusion)
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Hypofluorescence Hypofluorescence Transmission
Decrease (blocked)
Transmission Decrease (blocked)
Pigment Pigment
Exudates Exudates
Edema and transudate Edema and transudate
Other abnormal materials
Other abnormal materials
Melanin Melanin Hemoglobin Hemoglobin
Xanthophyll Xanthophyll
LipofuscinLipofuscin
HardHard
Soft Soft
Best`s disease Best`s disease Foreign bodyForeign body
Fundus flavimaculatusFundus flavimaculatus
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Hypofluorescence
Hypofluorescence
Filling defect (delay and occlusion)
Filling defect (delay and occlusion)
Retinal Retinal
Subretinal Subretinal
Artery Artery
VeinVein
Capillary bed Capillary bed
Loss of tissueLoss of tissue
NonperfusionNonperfusion
DystrophiesDystrophies
DegenerationDegeneration
ChoroideremiaChoroideremia
Choroidal atrophy etc.Choroidal atrophy etc.
Myopia Myopia
Central areolar atrophy Central areolar atrophy
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Causes of dark appearance of fovea
Avascularity
• Increased density of xanthophyll
• Large RPE cells with more melanin
Blockage of background choroidal fluorescence by:
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Causes of hyperfluorescence ( 1 )RPE ‘ window’ defect
RPE atrophy (bull’s eye maculopathy
Pooling of dye
Under RPE (pigment epithelial detachment)
Under sensory retina (central serous retinopathy)
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Causes of hyperfluorescence (2)
Leakage of dye Prolonged dye retention ( staining )
Into sensory retina (cystoid macular oedema)
From new vessels (choroidal neovascularization
Associated with drusen
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Causes of hypofluorescence (1)
Blocked retinal or choroidal fluorescence
• Blood under retinal pigment epithelium
• Preretinal or intraretinal blood• Abnormal material• Increased pigment
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Vascular occlusion
Capillary non-perfusion(venous occlusion)
Loss of vascular tissue
Choroideremia or high myopia
Causes of hypofluorescence (2)
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Side Effects
• Minimal relatively safe drug
• Use of dilating drops
• Red after – images from the photoflash
• Temporary tan skin color
• Fl. Urine discoloration
• Interfere with serological tests
• 2-4% Transient nausea and occ. VOMITING
• Hives, asthmatic symptoms
• Laryngeal edema
• Rarely – Syncope, anaphylactic rxn, MI, resp. or Cardiac arrest
• Rx – oral or I.V. Benadryl or Cortisone
• A physician in the 1st few minutes
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During Pregnancy and Lactation
• Controversial• Fl. Crosses the placenta• Has been done in pregnancy with no
adverse effect• Do it when necessary
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General Principles of ICG Angiography
1. Binding• 98% bound to proteins
2. Fluorescence• Much less than fluorescein
• Less leakage from choriocapillaris
• Excitation peak 800 nm• Emission at 835 nm
3. Filters• Infrared barrier and excitation
4. Safer than fluorescein
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Phases of normal ICG angiogram (1)Early (20 sec)
• Disc hypofluorescence• Poor perfusion of vertical (watershed) zone near disc• Prominent filling of choroidal arteries• Early filling of choroidal veins• Filling of retinal arteries but not veins
Early middle (3 min)
• Filling of watershed zone
• Fading of choroidal arterial filling
• Prominent filling of choroidal veins
• Filling of retinal arteries and veins
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Phases of normal ICG angiogram (2)Late (21 min)
• Large choroidal and retinal vessels are empty
Late middle (6 min)
• Reduced filling of choroidal vessels• Diffuse hyperfluorescence due to diffusion of dye from choriocapillaris• Persistent filling of retinal vessels
• Diffuse background hyperfluorescence
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Not all abnormal conditions of the ocular fundus will produce abnormal fluorescein angiograms.
FFA
Things to rememberThings to remember