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Introductionto
Signal Processors Defined
Method Hardware Software
Analogdirectly modify as signal passes through system (real-‐time)
‘built-‐in’& external ONLY N/A
Digitalconvert to ‘binary’, & modify according to algorithm
‘built-in’, external, & plug-ins
Yes
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Four Basic Categories
Processor Types Examples
1 Spectrum filter, equalizers, filter effects
2 Time delay, reverb, etc. (‘effects’)
3 Amplitude compressor, limiter, expander, gate
4 Noise noise reduction, ‘dehisser’, etc.
SIGNAL FLOW FOR “PROCESSORS”
• ‘insert’ approach
• ‘send/return’ approach
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Equalization
Uses for EQ
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Equalizer v Filter
�HIGH PASS: attenuates all frequencies BELOW a given frequency (passes “highs”)
Slope (dB/octave)
Slope (dB/octave)
�LOW PASS: attenuates all frequencies ABOVE a given frequency (passes “lows”)
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low shelf high shelf
¡ corner (“turnover” ) frequency : gain has changed by 3 dB¡ “stop” frequency : gain is no longer changing
• bandwidth: the range affected on each side of the ‘center’ frequency
Peaking Equalizer
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Graphic Equalizer
¡most other equalizers have fixed frequency and/or bandwidth control
Parametric Equalizer
■ true parametric has a ‘sweep-‐able’ or continuously variable frequency, bandwidth, and gain control
■ original concept by George Massenburg et. al.