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4
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Initiating Reproduction: Photoperiod
• Gonads enlarge when artificial day > 10 hrs
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Initiating Reproduction: Air Temperature
• Sperm production reduced at lower temperatures
• Cold snap early in breeding season delays nesting
• Egg laid when temp -30o F
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• Nesting occurs 10-14 days after heavy spring rain
• Heavy rains in July often initiate second nesting
Initiating Reproduction: Rainfall
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Initiating Reproduction: Food
• Nesting initiated any time of year. Corresponds to Cone Irruption
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Male Reproductive Condition
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Fig. 4-31 in Podulka et al. 2004
Control of Testes Development: Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland
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Fig. 4-31 in Podulka et al. 2004
• Hypothalamus Secretes Gonadotropin- Releasing Hormone into Anterior Pituitary (GnRH)
• Anterior Pituitary Secretes Follicle- Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) into Circulatory System
Control of Testes Development: Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland
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Stimulation of Testes Development
• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Stimulate Testes / Sperm Development• Luteinizing Hormone Stimulates Testosterone Production
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Wingfield and Hahn (1994).
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TESTOSTERONE: Negative Feedback
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http://www.wtamu.edu/~rmatlack/pigeon_dissection/male_reproductive.jpg
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Spermatogenesis
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Fig. 4-108 in Podulka et al. 2004
Bird Sperm
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Fig. 4-109 in Podulka et al. 2004
Detecting Male Reproductive Condition:Cloacal Protuberance (Passerines)
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Deferent Duct(Vas Deferens)
Seminal Vesicle
Papilla
Male Reproductive Anatomy
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Ostrich
Lake Duck
Goose
Cloacal Phallus = “Penis”(Waterfowl, Ratites, Red-Billed Buffalo Weaver)
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Fig. 14-12 in Gill et al. 2007
Cloacal Phallus = “Penis”(Waterfowl, Ratites)
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Fig. 4-71 in Podulka et al. 2004 9
Bird “Penis”: Relationship to Mammalian Penis
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Cloacal Phallus = “Penis”(Red-Billed Buffalo Weaver)
Prolonged Rubbing (10-20 Minutes) Stimulates Female(Enhanced Sperm Transfer?)
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Female: Ovary, Oviduct
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Fig. 4-31 in Podulka et al. 2004
• Hypothalamus Secretes Gonadotropin- Releasing Hormone into Anterior Pituitary (GnRH)
• Anterior Pituitary Secretes Follicle- Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) into Circulatory System
Control of Ovary Development: Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland
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Stimulation of Ovary Development(Usually, Left Ovary Only; Some Raptors: Both)
• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Stimulates Ovary Development and Follicle/Egg Production • Luteinizing Hormone Stimulates Ovulation and Progesterone Production
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Fig. 4-111 in Podulka et al. 2004
Female Reproductive Anatomy
Ovary
Oviduct
Cloaca
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Ovum (Gamete) Maturation(Oogenesis)
(Meiosis Partially Completed at Birth)
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http://www.soupsong.com/ova.jpg
Follicles (Contain Immature Eggs) in Ovary
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Fig. 4-111 in Podulka et al. 2004
Follicle Maturation and Ovulation
• Infundibulum Raises Up, Swallows Egg
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5
3
Copulation
(“Cloacal Kiss”, Insemination)
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Head in the Water
(Flamingo)Aerial Copulation
(Swift)
Copulation: Acrobatics
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Copulation: Endurance
500 Copulations per Clutch
(Goshawk) (Aquatic Warbler)
25 Minute Continuous Copulation
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Copulation
(Papillae Contact Openings of Oviduct)
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“The Long and Winding Road”
Oviduct Opening to Infundibulum
(Top Speed: < 30 Minutes)
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Fertilization
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Sperm Production
Rooster: 7-8 Billion Sperm / Ejaculation
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Fertilization: Sperm-Storage Tubules
Fig. 14-13 in Gill 2007 Fig. 14-17 in Gill 2007
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Monogamy(Frequently, Shared Parental Care)
Avian Breeding Systems
“Well over 9/10’s of all passerine subfamilies are normally monogamous. ..Polyandry [multiple mates] is unknown”
David Lack, 1968
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EXTRA-PAIR COPULATION(Outside the Pair Bond)
Pair-Bond
Only 14% of Socially Monogamous Bird Species Studied to Date are Genetically Monogamous
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Fertilization: Sperm Competition Strategies
Large Testes
Long Sperm High Quantity
Frequent Copulations
Mate Guarding
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Fertilization: Sperm Competition Strategies
Fig. 14-10 in Gill 2007
Dunnock
• Male Pecks at Female Cloaca until Competitors Sperm Ejected
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Fig. 12-21 in Gill 2007
Frequency of Extra-Pair Bonds (130 Bird Species)
More than 50% of Tree Swallow Nestlings can be Sired by Extra-Pair Copulations
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EXTRA-PAIR COPULATION:(Why?)
• Blue Tits Engage in Extra-Pair Copulations with Distant, Genetically Different Males.
• These Offspring more likely to survive winter than offspring of Social Mate
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AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: POLYGYNY
Resource Defense Polygyny
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AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: POLYGYNY
Female-Defense Polygyny
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AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: POLYGYNY
Lek Polygyny
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AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: POLYANDRY
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AVIAN BREEDING SYSTEMS: POLYANDRY
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1 http://www.penguin-quilts.com/IMAGES/MATING.JPG
2 http://scienceblogs.com/retrospectacle/mating%20close.JPG
3 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/1/11/ 20071013152142!House_Sparrows_mating_I_IMG_0066.jpg
4 http://www.jennifermarohasy.com/blog/archives/Cassowaries%20Mating% 20blog.JPG
5 http://farm1.static.flickr.com/179/430750607_364fcc6c09.jpg
6 http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/gullsmating.jpg
7 http://www.hiltonpond.org/images/CloacalProtuberance02.jpg
8 http://ocw.tufts.edu/data/5/215794/12007_medium.jpg
9 http://www.theage.com.au/ffximage/2008/03/29/majviagra_narrowweb__ 300x420,0.jpg
10 http://www.backyardbirdcam.com/gallery/sparrow-house-f-lg2.jpg
11 http://www.nps.gov/archive/whsa/bird%20list/house%20sparrow.jpg
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12 http://www.bto.org/nnbw/nesting_birds/images/house_sparrow.jpg
13 http://aishah776.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/dscn1144.jpg
14 http://www.parismina.com/images/turtle2.jpg
15 http://www.naturealmanac.com/archive/wild_turkey/pics/turkey-nest.jpg
16 http://www.kabri.net/tikey%20baby.JPG
17 http://www.cookiemadness.net/egg%20whites.jpg
18 http://pro.corbis.com/images/42-16420777.jpg?size=572&uid= %7B2C5DEB80-2648-428F-AFD3-94E59299B98D%7D
19 http://feredayisland.co.nz/Pictures/beat_egg_yolk.jpg
20 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19510.jpg
21 http://www.nicholsoncartoons.com.au/cartoons/new/2002-20-23%20Bali%20 Indonesia%20Bashir%20gets%20bile%20drip%20520.JPG
22 http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/phycobilins.gif
23 http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/20/assets/images/Cyanea.jpg
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24 http://www.walesbiomass.org/images/2.2.2-Song-Thrush-Eggs.jpg
25 http://www.isledegrande.com/gi-ncnature/redwingedblackbirdeggs-9.jpg
26 http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_04_img0177.jpg
27 http://www.audubon.org/bird/puffin/virtual/pics/tern_w_two_chicks.jpg
28 http://www.londons-swifts.org.uk/GC_Swifts_mating%20(5).jpg