Download - 4 Chapter Review
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4 Chapter Review
Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent
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What was the most sacred part of a temple?
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the sanctuary
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Why do you think many Egyptian temples had rows of
shinxes leading to the entrance?
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possible answer--as a symbolic protection for the temple
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Who was the Egyptian sun god? What else did the main Egyptian
gods represent?
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Re, or Amon-Re; underworld, magic, sky, wisdom, earth
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Which part of Egypt -Upper or Lower- do you think was more
valuable to a ruler? Why?
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possible answer-- Lower Egypt, because it had the extremely fertile delta and access to the
Mediterranean
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How did the pharaoh's crown display the unification of Egypt?
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The pharaoh combined the white crown of Upper Egypt and the red crown of Lower
Egypt to symbolize his rule over both lands
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Where did the First Dynasty extend its power? How did the
First Dynasty end?
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great house
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What may be some advantages and disadvantages of such a large
segment of the population being farmers, servants, and slaves?
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possible answers-- advantages: plenty of food and labor; disadvantages: potential for rebellion
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How is the portrayal of Horus connected to the god's function
in Egyptian mythology
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He is pictured with the head of a bird, which is appropriate for a
sky god.
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What responsibilities did the pharaoh have that balanced his
high status?
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according to traditional belief, make crops grow, keep people healthy, make trade profitable,
prevent wars
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Why might Egyptians have worshipped the gods differently?
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They built canals to direct the Nile's water to the fields.
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How did the Egyptians see the afterlife?
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as an ideal world where all the people are young and healthy
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How was the ka different from the body?
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The ka was not a physical entity, but rather the person's life
force. It left the physical body at death.
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How much of Egypt's fertile farmland was located in the Nile
Delta?
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about two thirds
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Why was it important to Egyptians that the Nile's flooding
was consistent?
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It provided a bountiful growing season every year, and people
knew they could count on a food supply in the future.
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Why might the ruins of early Egyptian settlements lack
evidence of protective walls?
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because the desert, bodies of water, and cataracts provided natural protection from many
enemies
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How would you expect a pharaoh to be drawn on the walls of his
tomb?
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He would be drawn as young, happy, and doing the things he
enjoyed while alive.
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Do you think Menes made a good choice in building his
capital city at Memphis? Why or why not?
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possible answer--yes; because it was in a fertile region but still
had the protection of being inland
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Define 'dynasty'
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a series of rulers from the same family
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How did burial practices vary among Egypt's social classes?
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The elite were mummified, while the peasants were buried in shallow graves at the edge of
the desert, where the bodies were preserved naturally.
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How long did the Old Kingdom last?
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about 500 years, from 2700 to 2200 BC
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Why did the Egyptian believe it was important to preserve
the physical body?
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If the body decayed, the ka would not be able to receive the food and drink it needed.
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What is a mummy?
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a preserved body that is wrapped in cloth
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What is the shape of a pyramid?
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four triangle-shaped walls that meet in a point on top
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How would the invention of large animal-drawn wheeled
vehicles have affected pyramid construction?
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possible answer--made transporting the blocks of stone much easier, cutting labor needs
and construction time considerably
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How did pyramid design change?
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Stepped pyramids evolved into smooth-sided ones when steps were filled in and the surface
covered with smooth limestone.
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Who made up the majority of Egypt's population?
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farmers and other peasants
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Who drove the Hyksos out of Egypt to start the New
Kingdom?
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Ahmose of Thebes
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What was the political order of Egypt based on around 3200
BC?
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wealthy farmers who emerged as leaders
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Why were the tunnels that led to the pharaoh's burial
chamber sealed after his death?
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to protect it from invaders or robbers
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Why did the Egyptians want the pyramids to be spectacular?
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because they believed their own fate in the afterlife
depended on the pharaoh's afterlife
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Why did the pharaohs value talented architects?
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Having well-designed pyramids and temples made the pharaoh
powerful and, according to Egyptian religion, ensured a happy
afterlife.
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What did each symbol in the hieroglyphic system represent?
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one or more sounds in the Egyptian language
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What were some advantages of using papyrus?
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made of readily available materials, tough, durable, could be rolled into scrolls
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Where were the Hykos from?
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southwest Asia
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Why do you think builders placed obelisks at the gates of
temples?
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possible answer--because they pointed to the sky, leading the way to the
afterlife.
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Why was the discovery of King Tutankhamen's tomb so
important?
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possible answer--because they pointed to the sky, leading the
way to the afterlife.
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Why was the discovery of King Tutankhamen's tomb so
important?
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I had never been disturbed by tomb robbers
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How did some people come to be enslaved in Egypt?
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convicted criminals or prisoners captured in war
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What may the Hykos conquest indicate about Egypt's level of
technological advance?
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Although the Egyptians had built pyramids, they
may not have had chariots or advanced
weapons.
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Who was Hatshepsut?
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a female ruler who expanded trade and built great
monuments during the New Kingdom
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What might have happened if large numbers of peasants had refused to take part in
special duties, such as working on the pyramids,
mining gold, and fighting in the military?
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possible answer--rebellion crushed by the pharaoh, or his
power threatened
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What were two reasons the pharaohs' power declined at the
end of the Old Kingdom?
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They did not collect enough taxes to cover their expenses,
and ambitious nobles took power from the pharaohs.
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How might we have learned about Egyptian toys and games?
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artifacts, art showing the toys or games in use
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What weakened the New Kingdom?
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fighting on several fronts, including invasions of the
Hittites and the Sea Peoples
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Why do you think leaders of the New Kingdom wanted to
control all of the eastern Mediterranean shore?
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possible answers--protection from invasion by peoples beyond the region, had
valuable resources
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What are the two types of large structures created by
Egyptian architects?
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pyramids and temples
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What special challenge faced artists who painted a
pharaoh's burial chamber?
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No natural light reached the burial chamber, so artists had
to work by torchlight or candlelight.
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What kinds of writing did scribes do?
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kept records and accounts for the state, wrote and copied religious and literary texts