Download - 3rd Quarter Notes
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3rd Quarter Notes
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What is an athletic injury?
A damage to the musculoskeletal structures brought about by forces (i.e. acute or repetitive) during athletic performance.
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Compression
Forces that act along the long axis of a structure which produces a crushing effect.
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Tension
A pulling force that acts along the long axis of the structure which stretches the tissue.
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Shear
Forces that act at opposite directions at different points causing one part of the structure to move away from another part of the structure.
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1. Acute Injury
Injury with a sudden onset brought about by large forces
2. Overuse Injury
Injury that developed over time as a result of repetitive microtrauma
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FracturesDisruption in the continuity of a bone
Type of fracture depends on mechanical load and bone maturity
Several types of fractures include . . .
1.Simple
2.Compound
3.Greenstick
4.Comminuted
5.Spiral
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Signs and Symptoms
Signs
1.Deformity
2.Weakness
3.Bruise
4.Swelling
5. Positive X-ray
Symptoms
1.Pain
2.Grating sensation
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Evaluation
Palpation – deformity, tenderness, indentation
Percussion – pain during tapping
Compression – distal to proximal
Distraction – apply traction
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Treatment
Cast? Internal Fixation? External Fixation?
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DislocationsBone is pushed out of the joint capsule
Signs and symptoms are similar to fracture
Treat like fracture!!!
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Immobilization
Anatomical – fingers
Rigid - wood
Soft - bandage
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Guidelines for Splinting
• Support the injured area above and below the site of the injury, including the joints.
• If possible, splint the injury in the position that you find it.
• Don’t try to realign bones or joints unless . . .
• Before and after splinting, check for proper circulation (warmth, feeling, and color).
• Immobilize above and below the injury.
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Triangle and Cravat Bandages
• Cotton cloth that can be substituted if roller bandages not available
• First aid device, due to ease and speed of application
• Primarily used for arm slings – Cervical arm sling– Shoulder arm sling– Sling and swathe
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SPRAINS vs. STRAINS
NOT INTERCHANGEABLE!!
Both injuries are caused by abnormally high tensile forces which tears the tissue but damaged tissues are different . . .
Which is Which?!?
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SPRAINS vs. STRAINS
• Shoulders
• Elbow
• Wrist
• Knee
• Ankle
• Lower Back
• Hamstrings
• Gastrocnemius
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SPRAINS vs. STRAINS
1st Degree (Mild) No loss of function
2nd Degree (Moderate) Unstable / Weak
3rd Degree (Severe) Loss of function
Dependent on the number of torn fibers . . .
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Control Inflammation
What is inflammation? Is it bad?
P – protect
R – rest
I – ice
C – compression
E – elevation
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Elastic Bandage Application
• Hold bandage in preferred hand with loose end extending from bottom of roll
• Back surface of loose end should lay on skin surface
• Pressure and tension should be standardized
• Anchor at the distal end
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• Body part should be wrapped in position of maximum circumference
• More turns with moderate tension
• Each turn should overlap by half to prevent separation
• Circulation should be monitored when limbs are wrapped
Elastic Bandage Application
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Common EmergenciesWounds
Break in the skin and underlying tissues
• Open
• Closed
Burns
Injury caused by heat, cold, chemical, electricity, etc.
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Common Emergencies
Bites
Wound caused by teeth or mouth
Stings
Small puncture wounds with chemical injected
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Wounds and Bleeding
Types of Wounds
• Incision Clean, sharp edge
• Laceration Irregular, tearing
• Abrasion Friction, scrape
• Puncture Pointed object
• Avulsion Partially ripped
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!DANGER!
• Hemorrhage – 1 glass (250cc) – normal– 2 to 3 glasses – casualty becomes anemic and
predisposes to infection– 4 to 6 glasses – fatal
• Infection – gangrene may develop, amputation may be necessary
• Shock – circulation is compromised and may lead to death
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Kinds of Bleeding
• Capillary bleeding – oozing flow of blood
• Venous bleeding – even flow of blood, dull color
• Arterial bleeding – irregular spurting of blood, bright red color
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Wounds and Bleeding
Proper Care
•Protect self
•Control bleeding
a. direct pressure**
b. elevation
c. pressure points
•Use sterile dressing
•Prevent shock
a. raise legs
b. prevent heat loss
•Irrigate wound
•Change dressing regularly
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SUTURES are needed for deep cuts as well as cuts more than an inch long.
Interrupted or Subcuticular?
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BurnsClassifications According to DEPTH
• 1st degree redness, epidermis
• 2nd degree blisters, dermis
• 3rd degree charred, subcutaneous
Determine the depth!!
What are the causes?
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Burn Severity
Remember the Rule of NinesAdult
Anatomic structure Surface area
Head 9%
Anterior Torso 18%
Posterior Torso 18%
Each Leg 18%
Each Arm 9%
Perineum 1%
Anatomic structure Surface area
Head 18%
Anterior Torso 18%
Posterior Torso 18%
Each Leg 14%
Each Arm 9%
Perineum 1%
Child
Determine extent of burned area!!
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Burn SeverityDetermine location of burned area!!
• Face
• Hands and Feet
• Genital Area
• Joint Area
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Burn SeverityLook for complicating factors!!
• Below 5 years old (fluid loss)
• Above 55 years old (delayed healing)
• Diabetes (delayed healing)
• CVD (hypoperfusion)
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BURN SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION
CRITICAL
• 3rd degree burn involving hands, feet, face, or genitals
• 3rd degree burns covering more than 10%
• 2nd degree burns covering more than 20%
• burns encompassing a body part
MODERATE
• 3rd degree burns covering 2%-10%
• 2nd degree burns covering 20%-30%
• 1st degree burns greater than 50%
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FIRST AID
• Stop the burning process (HOW?)
• Remove clothing / jewelry
• Transport if critical / moderate
• Do not drain the blisters
• Take analgesic
• Cover with “burn sheet”