Download - 39245147 intro-es-i
At the high end of the scale
Processor: Intel Pentium 4Frequency: 3.2GHz
Power consumption: 103 W max.*
Process: 90nm
*Intel document no. 300561-002
Computer Technology Dramatic Change° Processor
• 2X in speed every 1.5 years; 100X performance in last decade
° Memory• DRAM capacity: 2X / 2 years; 64X size in last
decade• Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year
° Disk• capacity: > 2X in size every 1.0 years• Cost per bit: improves about 100% per year
• 250X size in last decade
Computer Technology Dramatic Change!
° State-of-the-art PC when you graduate: (at least…)
• Processor clock speed: 5000 MegaHertz (5.0 GigaHertz)
• Memory capacity: 4000 MegaBytes(4.0 GigaBytes)
• Disk capacity: 2000 GigaBytes(2.0 TeraBytes)
• New units! Mega => Giga, Giga => Tera
(Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta, Yotta = 1024)Kilo, Mega, etc. are incorrect Terminologies!
Challenges
° Post PC Era will be driven by 2 technologies:
1) Mobile Consumer Devices• e.g., successor to cell phone, PDA, wearable computers
2) Massive I/O interfacing v/s RAW computational power
Programming Levels of Representation
High Level Language Program (e.g., C)
Assembly Language Program (e.g.
ARM)
Machine Language Program (ARM)
Control Signal Specification
Compiler
Assembler
Machine Interpretation
temp = v[k];
v[k] = v[k+1];
v[k+1] = temp;
ldr r0 , [r2, #0]ldr r1 , [r2, #4]str r1 , [r2, #0]str r0 , [r2, #4]
1110 0101 1001 0010 0000 0000 0000 0000 1110 0101 1001 0010 0000 0000 0000 0100 1110 0101 1000 0010 0001 0000 0000 0000 1110 0101 1000 0010 0001 0000 0000 0100
°°
ALUOP[0:3] <= InstReg[9:11] & MASK
5 Classic Components of a Computer
Control
Datapath
Memory
Processor
Input
Output
Control
Datapath
Memory
Processor
Input
Output
Network/Bus
An Expanded View of the Memory Systems
Control
Datapath
Hard disk(VirtualMemory)
Processor
Register
MainMemory2nd Cache
Cach
e
Fastest Slowest
Smallest Biggest
Highest Lowest
Speed:
Size:
Cost:
•Cache is handled by hardware•Virtual memory is handled by and Operating System •Programmer sees only one memory and the registers
Fetch Decode Execute Cycle
Instruction
Fetch
Instruction
Decode
Operand
Fetch
Execute
Result
Store
Next
Instruction
Obtain instruction from program storage
Determine required actions
Locate and obtain operand data
Compute result value or status
Deposit results in storage for later use
Determine successor instruction
Control
Datapath
Memory
Processor
Input
Output
ALU Registers
EELC2041 lec01-Intro.14 Saeid Nooshabadi
TOPICS TO COVER
° DEFINITION
° KEY FEATURES
° DESIGN ISSUES/CHALLENGES
° TOOLS OF THE TRADE
° FUTURE DIRECTION
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WHAT IS AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM
° An embedded system is an applied computer system, as distinguished from other types of computer systems
° Embedded systems are embedded within another sophisticated (electronic) system, which could be any system for any kind of application. The ES do not directly interact with the environment/users.
° An embedded system is a very special computer system designed to perform a dedicated function.
° An embedded system is a computer system with higher quality and reliability requirements than general- purpose computer systems.
EELC2041 lec01-Intro.16 Saeid Nooshabadi
DEFINITION (Continued)
° A very special (often tailor made) computer system put inside any Engineering product to make the final product more:
• Reliable• Accurate/Precise• Feature reach
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KEY FEATURESOF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM
° Real Time in nature (RTOS)
° Employs very specific types of components. Specific in terms of
• Quantity (Memory)• Available Feature (DVS, Watch Dog Timer)• Operating System (Application commands the OS )
° Developed in an environment which is totally different from the actual.
° Power Requirement, Size & Cost are considered with great detail along with the application.
° Highly focused on Application, Business Plan and Cost. Selects Hardware, Software components and Design Process based on A,B & C.
EELC2041 lec01-Intro.18 Saeid Nooshabadi
Embedded Systems and their Markets
Market Embedded Device
Automotive Ignition System, Engine Control, Brake System
Consumer Electronics Digital Televisions, Set-Top Boxes, Kitchen Appliances, Toys/Games, Telephones/Cell Phones/Pagers, Cameras
Industrial Control Robotics, Process and Manufacturing Controls
Medical Equipment ECG Machine, Dialysis Machines, Cardiac Monitors
Office Automation Fax Machine, Photocopier, Printers, Scanners, UPS
Networking ( Spl. Application) Routers, Hubs
EELC2041 lec01-Intro.20 Saeid Nooshabadi
DESIGN ISSUES/CHALLENGES
° CRYSTAL CLEAR PRODUCT SPECIFICATION TO BE DECIDED/GIVEN AND BE ADHERED TO. THIS INCLUDES H/W AS WELL AS S/W COMPONENTS (PROCESS TIME).
° SELECTION OF THE PROCESSOR:• GENERAL PURPOSE ; MICRO PROCESSORS• APP. SPECIFIC INSTRUCTION SET (ASIP); DSP,N/W PROCESSORS,
MICRO CONTROLLER• APP. SPECIFIC INTERATED CIRCUIT (ASIC)
° CODE SIZE (COMPACT CODE) – IN RELATION WITH THE PROCESSOR USED.
° LANGUAGE USED:• ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ( USEFUL BUT TIME CONSUMING & ERROR
PRONE)• HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE (REQUIRES COMPLICATED AND COSTLY
TOOLS AND COMPILER)• BALANCED DECISSION TO BE TAKEN LOOKING INTO
DEVELOPMENT COST, AVAILABLE DEVELOPMENT TEAM AND TIME TO MARKET
° DIVISION BETWEEN HARDWARE & SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
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DESIGN ISSUES/CHALLENGES (CONT..)
° POWER REQUIREMENT – ONE MAJOR ISSUE IN THIS WORLD OF MOBILE DEVICES.
° SIZE SPECIFICATION – THIS MAY BE VERY IMPORTANT IN SOME CRITICAL APPLICATION.
° RELIABILITY – AND COST TO BE INCURRED FOR THAT (REDUNDANT SYSTEM). VERY APPLICATION SPECIFIC ISSUE.
° BUSINESS PLAN
° DESIGN ENVIRONMENT• (HOST PROCESSOR / TARGET PROCESSOR)
EELC2041 lec01-Intro.22 Saeid Nooshabadi
TOOLS OF THE TRADE
Embedded System Life Cycle
Requirement Analysis
Specification
Architectural Design
Component Design
Integration
Testing
S/W Architecture
H/W Architecture
Top Down Model
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TOOLS OF THE TRADESOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOL CHAIN FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEM
DEVELOPER EDITORSOURCEPROG.
PRE PROCESSOROR
MACRO PROCESSOR
EXPANDED SOURCE CODE
COMPILEROR ASSEMBLER
OBJECT FILELOADER EXE FILE LINKER
CODE FOR
TARGET
TARGETPROGRAMMER OUTPUT
ALL THE COMPONENTS MENTIONED IN RECTANGULAR BOXES – ARE SYSTEM
SOFTWARE
EELC2041 lec01-Intro.24 Saeid Nooshabadi
TOOLS OF THE TRADE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT ; HOST & TARGET
C /C++ ASSEMBLY LANG
CROSS COMPILER CROSS ASSEMBLER
OBJ 1 OBJ n
LOCATOR
CODE
TARGET PROGRAMMER OUT PUT
THE ENLARGED COMPONENTS ARE PARTS OF THE HOST SYSTEM
EELC2041 lec01-Intro.25 Saeid Nooshabadi
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
° More and more embedded systems will be full systems on a single chip (SoC). This implies that the software and hardware designs will merge.
° As systems on chip become more complex, software distributed over multiple processors and running over different memory spaces will become common
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS….
° Embedded systems will be developed in unusual applications. Products will be powered and accessed by RF beams. This will lead to convergence in our real life..
° Existing applications will become far more sophisticated with standardized user interfaces – such as web interfaces with XML.
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FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR DEVELOPERS
° More and more multi-disciplinary expertise will be required. For example – biology-chemistry-electronics and VLSI for bio-sensors.
° Fields of micro-processors, VLSI, communications etc. would merge for developing embedded systems.