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Introduction
Data
-Bare facts and figures
Information
-Data that is organized into meaningful context
- It is processed data
-Supports the decision making process
- reduces uncertainty about a situation or event
Knowledge
-Human capacity (potential & actual ability) to take effective action in varied and
uncertain situations.
-It is the awareness and understanding of facts, truths or information gained in the
form of experience or learning.
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Process of Generation of Information
It involves three activities:
(a) Data Acquisition- Data is initially recorded and later verified for accuracy and authenticity. This is called dta
capture.
- Data is captured by punching with keyboard or scanning with scanning devices, facts
from documents on which they were recorded.
- Data captured is organized in data files. Each file contains records relating to various
data elements (fields) expressed with the help of different symbols (characters).
(b) Data Transformation
- It is done by performing any of the following operations:
(i) Rearranging: also called sorting of data
(ii) Classifying
(iii) Calculating
(iv) Summarizing
(c) Management of Information
The processed data maybe either communicated to end user or maybe stored for future
reference.
One decides the report format, appropriate channel of communication to provide
information.
If stored, one decides to store it on some mass storage.
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System
An assembly of inter-related elements comprising a unified whole.
The components (elements) are connected together in order to facilitate the flow of
information, matter or energy.
It works towards a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs.
System -
Input Process Output
Control
Feedback
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What is Information System?
It is an organized combination of people, hardware, software, communications
networks, and data resources that stores and retrieves, transforms, and disseminatesinformation in an organization.
Evolution of Information System
Enterprise & Internetworking (1990s/2000s)
e.g. internet worked IS, Intranet, Extranet,
Internet, etc.
Strategic & End User Support (1980s/1990s)
e.g. Expert System, etc.
Decision Support System (1970s/1980s)
Management Reporting (1960s/1970s)
e.g. MIS
Data Processing (1950s/1960s)
E.g. EDPS, TPS, etc.
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Elements/Resources of IS
Computer Hardware
Refers to computer systems and other associated equipment including the communication links
that a modern IT installation may need.One needs to assess the nature of IT needs, the volume of data to be processed, sources of
data, complexity of data analysis and impact of other related factors to determine the hardware
resources.
ComputerSoftware
It is the lifeline of the IT infrastructure and it makes the computer hardware function. It is set of
interrelated computer programs.
Data
Collection of facts or events from both internal and external sources represented in the form of
symbols, such as digits, alphabets, pictures, graphs, etc.
Capturing, processing and storage of data are the essential functions.
Human ResourceThey are the catalyst in process of generation of information and thus are very vital.
Procedures
It includes the operational and control procedures for the use of IT infrastructure.
It contains instructions for users regarding the use of IT infrastructure for day to day activities
and for also handling specific situations.
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Roles of IS
-Focuses on competitive priorities.
- Supports Business Process and operations
-Provide access to information-Enhance communications
-Provide decision assistance
-Supports strategies for competitive advantage
- Summarizing the three major roles of the business applications of IS
Support Strategies
for CA
Support Business
Decision Making
Support business Processes & Operations
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Operations
Support
Systems
Management
Support
Systems
Transaction
Processing
Systems
Process
Control
Systems
Enterprise
Collaboration
Systems
Management
Information
Systems
Decision
Support
Systems
Executive
Information
Systems
Information
Systems
Types of Information Systems
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Types of Information Systems
Two categories depending upon their focus on the kind of
activities in a business enterprise
1. Operations Support Systems
2. Management Support Systems
Operations Support Systems- Focus on the operations of the enterprise
- Objective is to improve the operational efficiency
- Use internal data primarily
- For lower level of managers
- Classified into the following categoriesa) Transaction Processing System
b) Process Control System
c) Enterprise Collaboration System
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a) Transaction Processing Systems
-Focus on the recording and processing of economic events (transactions)
-It processes transactions in two ways batch and real-time (or online)
-It encompasses the entire gamut of daily routines of the enterprise including financialaccounting, inventory control, payroll, sales order processing system.
-TPS s were one of the earliest computerized systems that organizations used tocapture valuable decision-making data and to conduct every day business.
- Almost all organizations have manual or automated TPS. Examples of TPS
Coffee shop
Bank
Doctor
Nasdaq- the e-stock exchange handles up to 1000 stock transaction /second
-TPS are considered the backbone of many organizations without it managerscouldnt make basic decisions such as how many items to produce?
- Transaction can be internal orexternal
Internal: occurring inside the organization
External: occurring outside the company, customer places an order from a
company catalog
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-Few years ago a separate transaction systems existed for each department in
a company
- Now many organizations are integrating the TPS systems of each
department so that users can see how their decision affect other parts of the
organization and the customers.
-TPS are the data lifeline of a company for several reasons:
If a company fails to capture a transaction it may lead not only to customer
dissatisfaction and lost profit but also to serious penalties and lawsuits.
TPS s become the source of data for other systems in the organization. If
analyzed and integrated it will give business key information about new
company plans. A better plan how to meet customer needs and preferences.
TPS is a link between the organization and external entities, such as
suppliers, customers & distributors.
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Enter data
Step 1
Validate data
Step 2
Process the
data intoinformation
Step 3
Store the
processed
data
Step 4
Generate
output
Step 5
Support user
queries
Step 6
Steps in Processing a
Transaction
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1. Data entry: enter data by using input devices such as ATM it called datasource document
2. Validation: ensure the accuracy and reliability of data.
3. Processing: once the company validate the accuracy & reliability of data
the system processes and converts data into information. There are two
types of processing.(a) On-line Transaction Processing (OLTP)
the data input device is directly linked to the system to be
processed.
some times linked to the system via the network or
telecommunication. example Bank ATM, student registration for classes, travel agent
flight reservation.
On-line processing is possible because of networks and
databases.
Steps in Processing a Transaction
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(b) Batch Processing
Processing that done on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis or any
period of time.
Disadvantages of batch processing
The information in the files may not up-to-date.
Some errors may be detected only after the entire batch is
processed in on-line processing errors can be detected right
away. Which type of processing is better?
It depends on the users decision making needs.
4. Data storage: to store the processed data in proper way. Otherwise datawill be usefulness to decision makers.
The kind of processing and type of storage medium are to some extent
related.
For example: magnetic tape is often used in batch processing. And
magnetic disk used in on-line processing.
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5. Output generation
Convert data into useful format
Different users need different formats at different times
6. Quer y support the last step is to query or ask system questions.
Steps in Processing a Transaction
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Characteristics/Features of a
Transaction Processing System Records internal and external transactions that take place in a
company
Is used mostly by lower-level managers to make operationaldecisions
Handles and stores large Volume of Data
Automation of basic operations
Benefits are easily measurable Stores data that are frequentlyaccessed by other systems, i.e. it acts as a source of input forother systems
Is ideal for routine, repetitive tasks
Records transactions in batchmode or on-line
Requires six steps to process a transactiondata entry,validation, data processing, storage, output generation, andquery support
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b) Process Control System
Monitors & control physical process
c) Enterprise Collaboration Systems
-Enhance team and workgroup communication and productivity, and include
applications that are sometimes called office automation system.
It facilitates the following activities:
-Producing outgoing documents (using text processors)
- storage & retrieval of documents (using document management system)
- transmission of messages (using message communication systems)
- scheduling and meeting management (using video conferencing)
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Management Support System- Information System application focus on providing information and
support for effective decision making by managers.
- Classified into following categoriesa) Management Information Systemb) Decision Support Systemc) Executive Support System
a) Management InformationSystems
- Aims at meeting the information needs of managers, particularly withregard to the current and past operations of the enterprise.
- Offers summary and exception reports on the operations of theenterprise and are also called as operations support systems.
Summary Report :A report that accumulates data from several transactions and
presents the results in a condensed form.Exception Report: A report that outlines any deviations between actual output and
expected output.
- The main input to an MIS is usually the transaction processing system and other
internal company sources
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Benefits of MIS:
1. Provide middle managers with information to make
semistructured decisions.
2. Information generated by an MIShelps managers understand
the day-to-day operations of the company
3. Helps managers implement the tactical goals of the company.
MIS is a group of general-purpose, well-integrated systems
that monitor and control the internal operations of an
organization.
Features
Summary and exception Information Operational Control
Focus on Internal Information
Structured and semi-structured Decision
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Relationship between a TPS and MIS
The main goal of TPS is to record & process company transaction.While the main goal of MIS is to produce summary & exceptionreports for making tactical decisions.
The output of a TPS & other company sources are the input of MIS
TPS usually helps managers with operational decisions, while MIShelps managers make tactical decisions over a longer period of time.
However both systems must work together in harmony to meet thecompanys information needs.
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b) Decision Support System
-Gives direct computer support to managers during the decision making process.
-- offers flexibility to manager to decide the input data, tool of analysis, depth ofanalysis and reliance on the outcome of analysis for decision making. The usershave full control of the system.
-- offers an interactive environment for users and thus permits managers toexperiment with data and model to develop the optimal decision making strategy.
-It has a User friendly interface
- report generators and graphical facilities
-Flexibility of use in various unexpected decision situation.
- DSS:- A set of interactive software programs that provide managers with data, tools,and models to make semistructured decisions.
-Some activities that a DSS can perform:
Selecting the best loan package to meet your needs.
Identifying an ideal location for a store
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Managers should answer two types of questionsWhat? Why?
What
Computers are excellent at
computations
(answering what
questions)
Why
People are excellent at
applying intuition & judgment
to solve problems
(answering why questions)
DSS uses computer computations and put them into models that systemize
decision processes
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Components of a Decision
Support System1. Database management system (DBMS): apiece of software that controls, manages, andmaintains internal & external data.
2. Model management system: a system thatstores and processes the models thatmanagers use to make decisions.
3. Support tools: tools that help users to interact
and interface with a decision support system.
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A DSS has five main characteristics:
1. DSS integrates data & models so that it is easier formanagers to make good decisions.
2. DSS helps managers see how decision interrelate and theeffects of one decision on others.
3. It supports a wide variety of decision-making styles.
4. It helps managers make decisions under dynamic or
changing business conditions5. DSS allows users to query the system for a specificanswers.
Characteristics of a decision support system
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Features of a decision support system
A DSS has three features that are extremely useful to managers :
1. What-if analysis 2. Goal seeking 3.risk analysis
1. What-if analysis: The study of the impact of a change in the
input data on the proposed solution. ex. Product pricing
Complex decision because decision maker must consider many
internal & external information
A DSS can help manager to answer what if questions
What if the price of raw materials increased by 10%
What if the product demand increased
If the competitors reduce the price by 5%
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2. Goal seeking: help managers determine what they
should do to achieve a certain goal. Ex.1 The goal to
increase sales of its top-selling product by 10%. A
DSS can show different ways to achieve. Ex.2 What
grade should student get to achieve A in the course.
3. Risk analysis: A DSS calculates the risk associated
with each alternatives.
Features of a decision support system
con..
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A Simple Decision-Making
Model
Internal Data
External Data
Decision-making
Models
What-if Analysis
Goal Seeking
Problem Solving
Generate Alternatives
Assess Risk
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Decision Models Statistical Models allow user to perform a wide range of statistical
functions (average, standard deviation, graphic analysis.)
Financial and Accounting Models to measure and assess thefinancial implications of different alternatives. (profit-or-lose analysis,cost-benefit analysis.)
Production Models help to estimate number of machines tooperate, amount of material required to meet the predetermineddemand
Marketing Models help marketing managers make a wide variety ofdecisions (product pricing, store location, advertising strategies..)
Human Resource Models help managers to make decisions thatinvolve in company personnel (assessing training needs estimatingfuture personnel needs evaluating hiring & firing policies.
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Benefits
- evaluation of a larger number of alternatives
- modeling and forecasting becomes easy- useful in intra group and inter group communication
- in depth analysis of data and thus more effective use of data resource
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c) Executive Information Systems (EIS)
1. Top managers do not have the time to study and analyze largevolume of data. They need an IS that will analyze the data & present
it in elegant manner so they can have quick & effective decisions.
2. The system that deliver high level information in a friendly way is
called EIS.
3. An EIS consists of tools & techniques, such as color graphics, touchscreens, voice activated commands, and distribute large volumes of
data quickly and effectively.
4. Provides critical information from both internal and external sources
to easy-to-use displays to managers
5. The managers get tailored made formats they prefer.6. Focus more on delivery of information by top managers than
generation of information.
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The main difference between DSS & EIS is that EIS is usedto deliver & display information (information delivery), whileDSS is used to analyze a problem(problem solving)
Today many systems are a combination of DSS & EIS,these systems are known as Executive Support System
An EIS has many features that a DSS has, such as drill-down, which allows employees to obtain summary ordetailed data with a few simple keystrokes.
Drill-down: the ability to provide information at the level
of detail that the decision maker demands.
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Applications of EIS- Executive Briefing
- Personalized Analysis
- Exceptions Reporting
- Model based analysis
EIS: information system that analyzes and presents
information to executive decision makers in a
useful, friendly, and customized format.
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DSS and EIS Characteristics DSS and EIS provide middle and top managers with decision support. Both DSS and EIS are intuitive, interactive, user-friendly systems.
DSS and EIS are menu-driven and often have excellent color and
graphic capabilities.
Both systems use internal and external data to solve problems.
A DSS uses internal and external data and different decision-makingmodels to provide managers with alternatives to a given problem. An
EIS provides managers with expert information in the form of analysis
and reports.
Both systems are equipped with decision-making tools such as what-
if analysis and goal seeking. EIS is also equipped with drill-down
capabilities.
A DSS can support both individual and group decision making. DSS
that support group decision making are known as group decision
support systems (GDSS).
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) and
Expert Systems (ES) Artificial intelligence is a field of computer sciencethat studies the design and development of computersystems that mimic human intelligence.
Intelligence defined as a set of characteristics or
attributes.
AI includes several areas of specialization such as
1. Computer vision: the computers ability to recognize &identify objects.
2. Speech recognition: the computers ability tounderstand a human voice.
3. Natural language:the ability to communicate with acomputer the way the humans communicate with eachother.
4. Robots: machines capable of human like movement.
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Expert SystemOne of t
he AI fields is Expert System (ES)
Expert systems are computer programs that capturethe knowledge of a human expert and use it to solvecomplex problems.
Knowledge appears in different forms in an
organization such as an innovative ideas for aproducts, a new way to motivate employees, a newproduction method..
The main goal of ES is to capture knowledge of expertsin all forms and use it to solve complex problems of an
organization in a relatively narrow domain. ES then are versatile and can help withmany kinds of
problems.
It attempts to represent knowledge ofhuman experts inthe form ofheursitics.
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Components of an Expert
System ES can capture and apply the knowledge of human expert by joining
three main components:
1. Knowledge base
2. Inference engine
3. User interface
User Poses Problem User
InterfaceInference
Engine Knowledge Base
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1. Components of an ES Knowledge base
Knowledge Acquisition
Knowledge base consists of facts, theorem, cases, forms,
texts, graphics, spreadsheets, principles & rules, that
experts use to solve a given problem.
The information in the knowledge base comes from manysources such as the human experts, books, journals,
databases & others. Managers also can gain knowledge
from observation, formal & informal interviews &
questionnaires. This is known as knowledge acquisition.
Knowledge acquisition: the process of acquiringknowledge from different sources.
These processes usually hard to do and time consuming.
Knowledge acquisition is viewed a bottle neck in building
expert systems.
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Knowledge representation
The process of representing the knowledge of experts in a
language that the computer can understand.
There are different approaches to knowledge representationon of the most popular ways to represent knowledge is using
IF THEN rules.
Expert system that use IF-THEN rules are called rule based
systems.
Example IF car lights were left on AND car doesn't start
THEN the battery is dead (99%)
Components of an ES knowledge base
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Knowledge Base
Knowledge
Human
experts
Journals
Books
Databases
others
Experts captures & acquires this knowledge
Knowledge acquisition
Experts represents knowledge in the system
Knowledge representation
Facts, rules, theorem, & principles
Knowledge Base
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2.Inference engine
The inference engine is similar to the reasoning of the
human brain.two popular reasoning possesses that an
expert system uses:
1. Forward chaining 2.backward chainingIn forward chaining, the inference engine begins with
a set of known facts, analyze the data and looks for
solutions that match the data set.
In backward chaining, the inference engine beginswith a goal and search for data, facts, and other
evidence that support this goal.
Inference engine:a component of expert system that
perform a reasoning function that results in advice tothe user.
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3.User interface
User interface combines the knowledge
base & inference engine in a way that
makes it easy for the user to interact with
the system.
Data start Rule 1
Rule 2
Rule 3
Rule 4Goal End
EndDataRule 1
Rule 2
Rule 3
Rule 4Goal start
forward chaining
backward chaining
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Characteristics of an Expert
System An expert system is a software program that captures
the knowledge and problem-solving skills of a humanexpert.
Expert systems are ideally suited for problems thatrequire knowledge, intuition, and judgment.
Expert systems, unlike DSS and EIS, can replace thedecision maker.
The three main components in an expert system are
the knowledge base, the inference engine, and theuser interface.
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Benefits of an Expert System
- Coding of expertise
- Enhanced understanding of business process- Timely availability of expertise
- Easy replication
- Strategic Application
Limitations
- Limited Focus
- Inability to learn
- Maintenance problems and developmental costs
- Limited domain of knowledge
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Top
Middle
Lower
Office
Automation
Systems
Expert Systems
Types of Information Systems and Levels of Management
EIS
DSS
MIS
TPS
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Knowledge Management Systems
-Idea is to
-A KM System could be any of the following:
* Document based
* Provide network maps* AI technologies which use a customized representation scheme to represent the
problem domain.
KMS Cycle
Create
Disseminate StoreManage
Capture
RefineKnowledge
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Knowledge information that is contextual, relevant and actionable.
Knowledge is information in action and is exercised to solve a problem
Knowledge is of two types Explicit knowledge- deals with more objective, rational and technical knowledge
Implicit Knowledge- cumulative store of subjective or experiential learning
MIS focus on explicit knowledge
KMS refers to the use of modern technologies the internet, intranets, extranets.
Benefits
-Sharing of valuable organizational information
- reducing redundant work
- reducing training time for new employees
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IS for Strategic Advantage
IS and Business Strategy
Strategic Information Systems
Definition: Computer systems at any level of an organization
that change the goals, processes, products, services, or
environmental relationships to help the organization gain a
competitive advantage.
Strategic information systems profoundly alter the way a firm
conducts its business or the very business of the firm itself.
It can be of any kind of information system (DSS, TPS, MIS,etc.)
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Strategic Levels and IT
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Business Level Strategy and IT
How can we compete effectively in this particular market?
The most common generic strategies at this level are: To become the low-cost producer
To differentiate your product or service
* Product differentiation: Competitive strategy for creating brand loyalty by developing newand unique products and services that are not easily duplicated by competitors.
Eg: banks provide on-line banking service, Dell sells custom-tailored PC.
* Focused differentiation: Competitive strategy for developing new market niches forspecialized products or services where a business can compete in the target area betterthan its competitors. Information systems enable companies to finely analyze customerbuying patterns, tastes, and preferences so that they efficiently pitch advertising andmarketing campaigns to smaller and smaller target markets.
- To change the scope of competition by either enlarging the market ornarrowing the market
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At the business level the most common analytic tool is value chain analysis.
Value chain model: Model that highlights the primary or support activities thatadd a margin of value to a firms products or services where information systemscan best be applied to achieve a competitive advantage.
Primary activities are most directly related to the production and distribution of thefirms products and services that create value for the customerPrimary activitiesinclude inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, sales andmarketing, and service.
Support activities make the delivery of the primary activities of a firmpossible and consist of organization infrastructure (administration andmanagement), human resources (employee recruiting, hiring, andtraining), technology (improving products and the production process),and procurement (purchasing input).
Organizations have competitive advantage when they provide more valueto their customers or when they provide the same value to customers at alower price. Firms can use information systems to create unique newproducts and services that can be easily distinguished from those ofcompetitors.
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Data mining: Analysis of large pools of data to find patterns and rules that can be
used to guide decision making and predict future behavior.
The cost of acquiring a new customer has been estimated to be five times that of
retaining an existing customer. By carefully examining transactions of customerpurchases and activities, firms can identify profitable customers and win more of their
business.
Supply chain management: Integration of supplier, distributor, and customer
logistics requirements into one cohesive process.
Supply chain: A collection of physical entities, such as manufacturing plants,
distribution centers, conveyances, retail outlets, people, and information, which are
linked together into processes supplying goods or services from source through
consumption.
To manage the supply chain, a company tries to eliminate delays and cut the amountof resources tied up along the way.
Information systems make efficient supply chain management possible by integrating
demand planning, forecasting, materials requisition, order processing, inventory
allocation, order fulfillment, transportation services, receiving, invoicing, and payment.
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SHIPPINGSHIPPING INVENTORYINVENTORY
PLANNING &PLANNING &
FORECASTINGFORECASTING
ORDERORDER
PROCESSINGPROCESSING
PRODUCTIONPRODUCTION
PROCUREMENTPROCUREMENTACCOUNTINGACCOUNTING
SUPPLIERSSUPPLIERSCUSTOMERSCUSTOMERS
LOGISTICSLOGISTICS
SERVICESSERVICESDISTRIBUTORSDISTRIBUTORS
INTRANETINTRANETINTRANET
SUPPLY-CHAIN MANAGEMENT
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FIRM LEVEL STRATEGY & IT
How can the overall performance of these business units be
achieved? How can information technology contribute?
Synergies: When outputs of some units can be used as inputsto other units, or two organizations can pool markets andexpertise, these relationships can lower costs and generateprofits.
One use of IT is to tie together the operations of disparatebusiness units so that they can act as a whole.
Core competency: An activity at which a firm is a world-classleader.
A core competency relies on knowledge that is gained overmany years of experience (embedded knowledge) and a first-class research organization or just key people who follow theliterature and stay abreast of new external knowledge (tacitknowledge).
Any system that encourages the sharing of knowledge acrossbusiness units enhances competency.
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INDUSTRY LEVEL STRATEGY & IT
How and when should we compete as opposed to cooperate withothers in the industry?
Firms can cooperate to develop industry standards in a number ofareas; they can cooperate by working together to build customerawareness, and to work collectively with suppliers to lower costs.
Information partnership: Cooperative alliance formed between twocorporations for the purpose of sharing information to gain strategicadvantage.
Such partnerships help firms gain access to new customers, creatingnew opportunities for cross-selling and targeting products. They canshare investments in computer hardware and software.
At industry level, two analytic models are used: the competitive forcesmodel and network economics.
Competitive forces model: Model used to describe the interaction ofexternal influences, specifically threats and opportunities, that affect anorganizations strategy and ability to compete.
Network economics: Model based on the concept of a network whereadding another participant entails zero marginal costs but can createmuch larger marginal gain. Used as a model for strategic systems atthe industry level.
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COMPETITIVE FORCES MODEL
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Business can counter the threats of competitive forces by implementing five basic
strategies-
1. Cost Leadership Strategy2. Differentiation Strategy
3. Innovation Strategy
4. Growth Strategy
5. Alliance Strategy
Other Competitive Strategies
1. Improving Business Processes
2. Promoting Business Innovation
3. Lock-in Customers and Suppliers
4. Creating Switching Costs
5. Raising Barriers to Entry
6. Leverage Investment in IT
7. Developing a strategic information base
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Strategic use of IT
Building a customer focus business
Reengineering Business Processes
Improving Business Quality
Becoming an agile company
Creating a virtual company
Building a knowledge creating company
The challenge of strategic IS
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SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL
ORDER PROCESSING ENTER, PROCESS, TRACK ORDERS OPERATIONAL
MARKET ANALYSIS IDENTIFY CUSTOMERS & MARKETS KNOWLEDGE
P
RICING ANALYS
IS
DETERMINEP
RICES
MANAGEMENT
SALES TRENDS PREPARE 5-YEAR FORECASTS STRATEGIC
SALES & MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM
SYSTEMS FROM A FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE
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MANUFACTURING INFORMATION
SYSTEM
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL
MACHINE CONTROL CONTROL ACTIONS OF EQUIPMENT OPERATIONAL
COMPUTER-AIDED-DESIGN DESIGN NEWPRODUCTS KNOWLEDGE
PRODUCTION PLANNING DECIDE NUMBER, SCHEDULE OF PRODUCTS MANAGEMENT
FACILITIES LOCATION DECIDEWHERE TO LOCATE FACILITIES STRATEGIC
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SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE TRACK MONEY OWED TO FIRM OPERATIONAL
PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS DESIGN FIRM'S INVESTMENTS KNOWLEDGE
BUDGETING PREPARE SHORT TERM BUDGETS MANAGEMENT
PROFIT PLANNING PLAN LONG-TERM PROFITS STRATEGIC
FINANCE & ACCOUNTING INFORMATION
SYSTEM
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SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL
TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT TRACK TRAINING, SKILLS, APPRAISALS OPERATIONAL
CAREER PATHING DESIGN EMPLOYEE CAREER PATHS KNOWLEDGE
COMPENSATION ANALYSIS MONITOR WAGES, SALARIES, BENEFITS MANAGEMENT
HUMAN RESOURCESPLANNING PLAN LONG-TERM LABOR FORCE NEEDS STRATEGIC
HUMAN RESOURCES INFORMATION
SYSTEM