The Age of Incompatible

Expensive Machines

selling hardware

1968

hardware software

COBOL

FORTRAN

Algol

#!/usr/bin/perl## This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or# (at your option) any later version.## This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the# GNU General Public License for more details.#

use strict;use warnings;

use Getopt::Long;

# Declaration of important/main variables.my $quiet = 0;my $sparse = 0;my $help = 0;my $explain = 1;my $debug = 0;my $reasondir = '/usr/share/vrms/reasons/';my %reason = ();

## Auxiliary functions section (FIXME: put them in a file by themselves).#

# sub usage:# Input: nothing.# Output: Messages to stdout telling the usage of the program.sub usage() { print <<EOF;Usage: vrms [OPTIONS] ...

--quiet, -q Do nothing if there are no non-free packages installed.--explain, -e Give a brief explanation of why a package is non-free, if available.--sparse, -s Just list non-free packages, nothing else.--reason-dir=DIR Use DIR as the reason directory.--help, -h Display this help.--debug, -d Generate debugging information.

All options can be prefixed with "no" (eg: --noexplain) to turn them off.EOF}

# sub parse_reason_file:# Input: the name of a reason file and the global hash %reason# Output: the hash %reason filled with reasons from the input file# (FIXME: %reason shouldn't be global)sub parse_reason_file { my $file = shift; print "Parsing reason file $file\n" if $debug >= 1; open(REASON, "<", $file) ordie "Can't open FILE [$file]: $!\n"; while (my $line = <REASON>) {chomp $line;# Grab a line of the form 'package: reason', skip if we don't matchmy ($pkg, $reason) = ($line =~ /^(\S+):\s+(.*)\s*$/) or next;print "'$pkg' because '$reason'\n" if ($debug >= 1);

# If this is _our_ master file, then prefer anything# else (so that package maintainers can override)next if exists $reason{$pkg} and $file =~ /\/vrms$/;

$reason{$pkg} = $reason; }

close REASON ordie "Can't close FILE [$file]: $!\n";}

## Main program starts here.#GetOptions('q|quiet' => \$quiet, 's|sparse' => \$sparse, 'e|explain!' => \$explain, 'reason-dir=s' => \$reasondir, 'd|debug+' => \$debug, 'h|help' => \$help);

if ($help) { usage(); exit 0;}

opendir(REASONDIR, $reasondir) or die "Can't open DIR [$reasondir]: $!\n";# Parse all the reason files in $reasondir except those beginning with# a . or ending with a ~parse_reason_file("$reasondir/$_") foreach (grep {!/~$/ && !/^\./} readdir(REASONDIR));closedir REASONDIR or die "Can't close DIR [$reasondir]: $!\n";

my $statusfile = '/var/lib/dpkg/status';my $is_nonfree = 0; ### preset none found, yetmy %nonfree = ();my $is_other_nonfree = 0; ### preset none found, yetmy %other_nonfree = ();my $is_contrib = 0; ### preset none found, yetmy %contrib = ();my $is_other_contrib = 0; ### preset none found, yetmy %other_contrib = ();my %pkg_status = ();my $pkgcnt = 0;my $clumpcnt = 0;my $dontcarelines = 5; ### no. of lines a non-installed entry may have in the statusfile

my $sysname = "";chop($sysname = `uname -n`);

open(PKG_SOURCE, "< $statusfile") or die "Can't open FILE [$statusfile]: $!\n";

$/ = ""; ### snarf a paragraph at a timewhile(<PKG_SOURCE>) { my $clump = $_; $clumpcnt++; my (@pkglines) = split(/\n/, $clump); ### iff more than $dontcarelines lines, package is installed, so process it ### (speed-up by skipping don't-care entries) if (@pkglines > $dontcarelines) {my $pkg = ""; ### name of this packagemy $pkgstatus = ""; ### statusmy $plan = ""; ### install plan (hold, deinstall, purge, install, etc.)my $state = ""; ### state (ok or ???)my $status = ""; ### status (installed, not-installed, etc.)my $section = ""; ### section this is where non-free is markedmy $shortdescr = ""; ### one-liner description of pkgmy $linenbr = 0; ### current line number of this pkackag's infomy $label = ""; ### junk field (not used, except to catch split values)my $has_pkg = 0; ### reset the markersmy $has_status = 0;my $has_section = 0;

foreach (@pkglines) { chomp; $linenbr++; if (/^Package:/) {($label, $pkg) = split(/:\s+/,$_,2);$pkgcnt++;printf "pkg(%4.4d) pkg=[%s]\n",$pkgcnt,$pkg if $debug >= 1;$has_pkg = 1; ### we have necessary sectionnext; } if (/^Status:/) {my $label = "";($label, $pkgstatus) = split(/:\s+/,$_,2);print "\tpkgstatus=[$pkgstatus]\n" if $debug >= 1;$pkg_status{$pkg} = $pkgstatus;($plan, $state, $status) = split(/\s+/,$pkgstatus);print "\t\tplan=[$plan]\n" if $debug >= 1;print "\t\tstate=[$state]\n" if $debug >= 1;print "\t\tstatus=[$status]\n" if $debug >= 1;$has_status = 1; ### we have necessary sectionnext; } if (/^Section:/) {my $label = "";($label, $section) = split(/:\s+/,$_,2);print "\tsection=[$section]\n" if $debug >= 1;$has_section = 1; ### we have necessary sectionif ($section =~ /contrib|non-free|restricted|multiverse/) { ### read thru rest of array to find descr instead of waiting for it my $found_descr =0; while (! $found_descr) {if ($linenbr > $#pkglines) { ### iff badly formed entry ensure blank description print "\tEEEE shortdescr=[$shortdescr]\n" if $debug >= 1; last;}my $dline = $pkglines[$linenbr++];if($dline =~ /^Description:/) { ($label, $shortdescr) = split(/:\s+/,$dline,2); print "\tshortdescr=[$shortdescr]\n" if $debug >= 1; $found_descr = 1;} } if ($section =~ /contrib/) {if (lc $status eq 'installed') { $is_contrib = 1; $contrib{$pkg} = $shortdescr;} else { $is_other_contrib = 1; $other_contrib{$pkg} = $shortdescr;} } else {if (lc $status eq 'installed') { $is_nonfree = 1; $nonfree{$pkg} = $shortdescr;} else { $is_other_nonfree = 1; $other_nonfree{$pkg} = $shortdescr;} }}last; ### this is last desriptor of package we care about so end loop } else {### un-processed lines from package infoif($debug >= 1) { print "\t\t--- $_\n";} }}if (!$has_status or !$has_pkg) { print STDERR "vrms: ERROR- Badly formed dpkg-status entry #$clumpcnt!\n"; print STDERR " pkg=[$pkg], pkgstatus=[$pkgstatus], section=[$section] \n";}

source code

The Birth of UNIX

UNIX.zip

UNIX-source.zip

t r a d e s e c r e t

t r a d e s e c r e t

most widely anddeeply understood

in the historyof computing

sharinginnovations

&bug fixes

The Birth of Proprietary

Software

1980

proprietary software

sharing

shareware

The Rise of Free Software

1984

Free Software

Free as in speech

Free as in freedom

Free as in beer

1. use

2. copy

3. modify

4. contribute

1989, 1991

GPL

you must extend the

same freedomsto others

copyleft

permissivelicenses

you give completefreedom to

developers

1993

1995

2000

$1,000,000,000

Free Software Becomes

Mainstream

1998

Open Sourceis Everywhere

all software

2005–2007

Software Freedom as Inspiration

open data

open access

@fmarier

francois@catalyst.net.nz

Questions?

Photo credits:

ibm 360 with people: http://www.flickr.com/photos/cote/54408562/sizes/l/in/photostream/cdc6600: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/File:Personable_Computer.jpgken and dennis with medals: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/wiki/File:Medal_lg.jpegwarrington logo: http://wikieducator.org/File:Warrington_logo.pngashs logo: http://wikieducator.org/File:ASHS_logo.pngwanted poster: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mscaprikell/59580038/in/photostream/tape: http://www.flickr.com/photos/leejordan/486911915/tim o'reilly: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/wiki/File:Tim_O%27Reilly_in_Foo_China_2007.JPGfsf logo: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/File:FSF-Logo.svgtux: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/wiki/File:Tux.svgopen source: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/wiki/File:Opensource.svgstock market: http://www.flickr.com/photos/thewalkingirony/3051500551/android logo: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/File:Android_logo.svgin-flight entertainment: http://www.flickr.com/photos/kalleboo/2473197800/samsung tv: http://www.flickr.com/photos/johannesfreund/2320330661/Linus: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linus_Torvalds.jpegBill Gates: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Gates_in_WEF_,2007.jpgBruce Perens: [not CC] http://perens.com/press/photos/Lawrence Lessig: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lessig_portrait.jpgJimmy Wales: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jimmy_Wales_Fundraiser_Appeal_edit.jpgSteve Ballmer: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_ballmer_2007_outdoors2.jpgus department of justice: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/File:US-DeptOfJustice-Seal.svg