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05/14/23 1
Industrial Revolution
Transforming England
1780-1800
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Why another “revolution”?
What did it do? Developed factory system – encouraged steam
power Changed daily human life for individual and
society Influenced political situation in Europe
Where did it begin? Great Britain (Eng/Scot/Wales) - 1780s Continent – post 1815
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Why England? Why did it begin in England?
Atlantic Economy: colonial empire provides market Water --- everywhere! Natural resources: coal and iron ore in Eng / Wales
Agriculture Abundant crops – low prices Money available for “luxuries”
Support Central bank Government strong and stable Mobile working class
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Early Industry First: Cotton textile industry
Growing demand from “putting out” system John Kay, 1704-1764
Flying shuttle – allowed one weaver to operate a loom But thread not made fast enough…so…
James Hargreaves, 1765 Spinning Jenny – 6-24 threads at one time
Richard Awkwright, 1769 Water frame (improved spinning – then w/steam) Read The Traits of the British Industrial Entrepreneur,
564 Edmund Cartwright, 1743-1823
Power loom in 1785 – work moves into factories
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1) Reasons for factories
Increases productive capacity Increases efficiency
interchangeable parts = quick fixes
Industrial machinery replaced workshops / cottage-based industry
Produces cheaper goods Higher profits
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Replacing wood with coal
What’s wrong with wood? England is running out Burns too quickly
What’s better about coal? There is more of it Burns more efficiently
What’s dangerous about coal? Bringing it to the surface is hard work Environmentally unfriendly
How did this relate to coal? Coal eventually heats the water for the steam engine Steam engines help remove water from mines!
Sig: Transforms factories, transportation systems, etc. Henry Cort develops puddling – pig iron into steel
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England ~1850
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2) Developing steam power
Man primary source of energy – then used animals – wind – water…
Problem: looms, etc. – reached limit England short of wood for iron production Coal used for heating and minimal production A more efficient source of energy needed!
What else can be used for power? STEAM!!! – harnessed & attached to engines Newcomen (1705) & James Watt (1774): pioneers SIG: most fundamental advancement in
technology for First IR
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Other results & revolutions
Stronger iron and steel produced Henry Cort – puddling &
steel roller
Transportation revolution Railroads:
Horsepower: slow and inexpensive
1800’s “steamer on wheels”: 1804, Richard Trevithick invents the 1st steam locomotive
1830 Stephenson’s Rocket – 16 mph • By 1850-50mph – “full steam ahead!”
Steamboats – Robert Fulton, 1807 (US! Sig: cheaper transport – markets nationwide –
larger factories – cheaper goods - faster…
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Flying ShuttleReturn
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Spinning Jenny Return
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Richard AwkwrightWater Frame
Return
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Power Loom Return
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Steam Engines Return
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Stephenson’s Rocket
Return
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Robert Fulton’s SteamboatReturn